苦瓜皂苷提取物微胶囊化缓释性能及体外对糖苷酶活性影响研究

以壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为壁材,采用锐孔凝固浴法制备苦瓜皂苷提取物微胶囊,并对其进行了缓释性能及在模拟胃肠酸碱环境中对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性影响的研究。结果显示,微胶囊在体外模拟胃肠液中具有良好的缓释性能,在模拟胃液中苦瓜皂苷1h释放率为31.19%,2h累积释放率为52.14%,转至肠液中10h累积释放率达到81.20%;在模拟胃肠液中微胶囊对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶均有一定的抑制作用,抑制率随着苦瓜皂苷释放量的增加有上升趋势。表明苦瓜皂苷经微胶囊化后能够保护其活性,缓解副作用和延长对糖苷酶的作用时间。      

氧化壳聚糖改性抗菌蚕丝织物的制备及其性能

为获得持久抗菌的功能丝绸材料,采用硝酸、磷酸、亚硝酸钠体系将原料壳聚糖的C6位伯羟基选择性氧化为羧基制得水溶性氧化壳聚糖(OCS),使OCS的羧基与脱胶蚕丝织物(SFF)的氨基反应,得到氧化壳聚糖改性蚕丝织物(OCSMSF)。借助核磁共振仪、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪等手段表征了OCS与OCSMSF的化学结构,测试了OCSMSF的力学、吸湿、抗菌等性能。结果表明:酰胺反应已将氧化壳聚糖分子化学键合在SFF中,OCS改性蚕丝纤维的结晶度降低;在优化反应参数条件下,OCS接枝蚕丝织物的质量增加率达到9.17%,OCSMSF的强力略有减小,而吸湿性提高42.92%,OCSMSF对测试细菌的抑菌率大于94%,且抗菌耐洗涤性好,同时OCSMSF对仙人掌黄酮提取物有良好的缓释效果。     

Supplementation of progesterone via controlled internal drug release inserts during ovulation synchronization protocols in lactating dairy cows

Our objective was to determine the effect of exogenous progesterone (P4) during a timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol on pregnancies per AI (P/AI) in dairy cows not previously detected in estrus. Lactating cows (n = 3,248) from 7 commercial dairy herds were submitted to a presynchronization protocol (2 injections of PGF_2α 14 d apart; Presynch), and cows in estrus after the second PGF_2α received AI (EDAI; n = 1,583). Cows not inseminated by 12 to 14 d after the second PGF_2α injection were submitted to a TAI protocol (GnRH on d 0, PGF_2α on d 7, and GnRH + TAI 72 h after PGF_2α). At onset of the TAI protocol, cows were balanced by parity and days in milk and assigned randomly to receive no exogenous P4 (control, n = 803) or a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert containing 1.38 g of P4 from d 0 to 7 (CIDR, n = 862). Blood samples were collected at the second PGF_2α injection of the Presynch and on the day of the first GnRH injection of the TAI protocol for P4 determination. When P4 in both samples was <1 ng/mL, cows were classified as anovular, whereas cows having at least 1 sample ≥1 ng/mL were classified as cyclic. Concentration of P4 at 11 to 14 d after AI was determined in a subgroup of cows (n = 453) from 2 herds. Pregnancy was diagnosed at 40 ± 5 and 65 ± 5 d after AI. Proportion of cows inseminated on estrus after the second PGF_2α injection of the Presynch protocol differed among herds (range = 26.7 to 59.8%). Overall P/AI for EDAI cows at 40 ± 5 and 65 ± 5 d were 36.2 and 33.7%, respectively, and pregnancy loss was 8.8%. Proportion of cyclic cows at the onset of the TAI protocol differed among herds (range from 66.5 to 86.3%), but did not differ between treatments (control = 72.4%, CIDR = 74.1%). Treatment affected P/AI at 40 ± 5 (control = 33.3%, CIDR = 38.1%) and 65 ± 5 (control = 30.0%, CIDR = 35.1%) d after AI but did not affect pregnancy loss (8.6%). Cyclic cows had greater P/AI at 40 ± 5 (38.2 vs. 29.3%) and 65 ± 5 d (35.1 vs. 26.1%) after AI, but cyclic status had no effect on pregnancy loss. Treatment affected P4 concentration after AI, with more CIDR cows having P4 ≥1 ng/mL (94.4 vs. 86.9%) and P4 ≥3.2 ng/mL (81.8 vs. 68.0%) at 11 to 14 d after AI compared with control cows. Treatment of cows not previously detected in estrus with a CIDR insert during a TAI protocol increased proportion of cows with functional CL after AI and P/AI.     

Polymorphism in the bovine growth hormone gene affects endocrine release in dairy calves

The objective was to test whether calves with the Leu/Leu genotype release more growth hormone (GH) than calves with Leu/Val and Val/Val genotypes. Danish Holstein (n = 286), Danish Red (n = 68), and Danish Jersey (n = 61) calves were genotyped for the Leu/Val polymorphism in the GH gene and assessed for GH release following inducement by the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). Three GH traits were assessed for each calf: BASELINE, PEAK, and RATE. BASELINE and PEAK are the mean concentration of GH in blood sampled before and after GHRH inducement. RATE is the disappearance rate of GH in blood sampled after GHRH inducement. Danish Jersey calves with Leu/Leu genotype had a higher PEAK and RATE than calves with the Val/Val genotype, whereas the Leu/Val genotype had an intermediate response. The contribution of the Leu/Val polymorphism to the total genetic variation of the BASELINE, PEAK, and RATE traits was 5, 30, and 27%, respectively. By contrast, the amount of GH released by the Danish Holstein and Danish Red calves was not influenced by their GH genotype. Further studies involving calves with all three genotypes are required to further elucidate whether this polymorphism has a functional role or whether it works through a linked-gene effect specific to certain cattle breeds.     

DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN FLAVOR PERCEPTION AND MEASUREMENT—A REVIEW

Flavor perception and measurement play important roles in the development of food products. In an increasingly commercial environment, the food industry must strive to minimize adverse consumer reactions. This article gives an extensive overview on the various methods used for flavor measurement. Principles of flavor release and perception are discussed and applications to quality assessment are demonstrated.     

压敏胶标签防黏纸的发展与应用

概述了压敏胶标签常用的防黏纸基材及防黏剂的种类、性能和应用现状,目前防黏纸的涂布工艺,并分析了未来的发展趋势。     

淀粉基胃漂浮控释载体的制备及其控释特性

通过在淀粉分子中引入羧甲基基团,制备了淀粉基胃漂浮控释系统载体材料。系统考察了不同羧甲基取代度对淀粉基胃漂浮控释系统载体结构和性能的影响规律。结果显示,随着取代度的提高,羧甲基淀粉的结晶程度降低,溶胀性能先增大后降低,当取代度为0.08时,其溶胀性能比原淀粉提高了10倍。在此基础上,选择维生素B1作为模型功能活性物质,羧甲基淀粉作为胃漂浮控释系统载体材料,制备了胃靶向漂浮控释系统,并考察了其对维生素B1在体外模拟胃液中的释放性能。结果表明,羧甲基淀粉胃漂浮控释系统具有良好的漂浮性能和控缓释性能。以取代度为0.08的羧甲基淀粉为载体,所制得的淀粉基胃漂浮控释系统起漂时间小于2 min,持续漂浮时间可达8 h。体外释放动力学研究显示,此羧甲基淀粉胃漂浮控释系统可使维生素B1释放时间延长至6 h,释放行为符合零级动力学。     

乳清分离蛋白凝胶蔗糖释放过程的动力学分析

以蔗糖为食品风味成分,封装于乳清分离蛋白凝胶内,探讨pH值、温度、载药量、释放液离子浓度对乳清分离蛋白凝胶释放蔗糖的动力学机制。结果表明：蔗糖在乳清分离蛋白凝胶中的释放过程符合Korsmeyer-Peppas模型,且拟合相关系数R2在0.95～0.99之间,扩散常数n均小于0.45,符合Fick扩散机理。动力学常数K随pH值、温度、以及释放液离子浓度（0.05～0.10 mol/L）的增加而增大,随载药量的增加而减小。乳清分离蛋白凝胶具有环境应答性,以其为载体的物质释放过程受环境温度、pH值、载药量、释放液离子浓度等因素影响。通过调节释放体系的pH值、温度、载药量、释放液离子浓度可以达到控制载物释放的目的。     

Suitability of Different Food Grade Materials for the Encapsulation of Some Functional Foods Well Reported for Their Advantages and Susceptibility

Functional foods find a very important place in the modern era, where different types of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc. are on a high. Irrespective of the abundance of bioactive components in different fruits and vegetables, their low solubility in aqueous solution, vulnerability to destruction in different environmental and gastrointestinal conditions and a low intestinal absorption becomes a concern. Because it is quite difficult to commercialize non food materials for the food encapsulation purposes due to their safety concerns in the human body, scientists in the recent times have come up with the idea of encapsulating the different bioactive components in different food grade materials that are able to safeguard these bioactive components against the different environmental and gastrointestinal conditions and ensure their safe and targeted delivery at their absorption sites. Different food grade encapsulation materials including various oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (starch, cyclodextrins, alginates, chitosan, gum arabic, and carboxymethyl cellulose) and proteins and their suitability for encapsulating various bioactive components like flavonoids (catechins, rutin, curcumin, hesperetin, and vanillin), nonflavonoids (resveratrol), carotenoids (β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein), and fatty acids (fish oil, flaxseed oil, and olive oil) of high medical and nutritional value are reviewed here.     

影响β-环糊精香精微胶囊缓释性能的因素分析

采用分子包覆材料β-环糊精制备香精微胶囊,重点讨论了香精、制备工艺(如均化速度、温度以及溶剂配比)对香精微胶囊缓释性能的影响作用.结果表明:V(乙醇)∶V(水)=1∶2,40℃反应2h时,香精微胶囊具有良好的缓释性能.