Effects of subphase pH and temperature on the interfacial behavior of double hydrophilic diblock copolymer PDEGMA-b-PDIPAEMA

The aggregation behavior of two pH- and temperature-responsive diblock copolymers of poly[di-(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate]-block-poly[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (PDEGMA-b-PDIPAEMA) at the air/water interface and the structures of their Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films were studied by the Langmuir monolayer technique and atomic force microscopy, respectively. At the air/water interface, PDEGMA-b-PDIPAEMA tends to form the core-shell-corona micellar structure composed of a PDIPAEMA main chain core, an amino ethyl ester shell, and a PDEGMA corona. Under acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions, PDIPAEMA blocks are completely protonated, partially protonated, and completely non-protonated, respectively, and the protonated amino ethyl ester groups are immersed in water before monolayer compression, whereas PDEGMA coronas are adsorbed at the interface. At pH 3, 7, and 10, the limiting areas (A₀) for PDEGMA42%-PDIPAEMA58% (weight percents) and PDEGMA55%-PDIPAEMA45% are 8.2/10.2/14.0 and 6.7/8.3/8.4 nm², respectively. The A₀ values of the former copolymer are larger than those of the latter. This is because the shells in the former copolymer are denser due to the higher polymerization degree of PDIPAEMA blocks, providing greater steric hindrance for PDEGMA coronas and making the latter more extended at the interface. In contrast to other copolymer systems, the effect of temperature on the isotherms of PDEGMA-b-PDIPAEMA is less obvious.     

含氮、氧改性菜籽油润滑添加剂对钢-钢摩擦副和钢-铝摩擦副摩擦学性能的影响

对菜籽油进行化学改性制备了一类氮氧型改性菜籽油添加剂（NOR）,并利用红外光谱对其主要官能团进行鉴定。分别通过四球和SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了以菜籽油为基础油,以NOR为添加剂时对钢-钢摩擦副和钢-铝摩擦副抗磨减摩性能的影响,用扫描电子显微镜观察分析钢球磨斑表面的形貌,同时通过对铝合金磨痕进行X射线光电子能谱分析,探讨了氮氧型改性菜籽油润滑添加剂的抗磨减摩机理。结果表明：以氮氧型改性菜籽油为添加剂,以菜籽油为基础油时,钢-钢摩擦副和钢-铝摩擦副均表现出良好的抗磨减摩作用,其润滑作用机理是由于长链菜籽油分子的载体作用、氮的高反应活性以及二者的协同作用在金属摩擦表面形成了含氮、氧及碳等元素的表面保护膜。     

Environmentally Adaptive Polymer Hydrogels: Maintaining Wet-Soft Features in Extreme Conditions

Hydrogels have been widely explored to adapt to different application circumstances. As typical wet-soft materials, the high-water content of hydrogels is beneficial to their wide biomedical applications. Moreover, hydrogels have been displaying considerable application potential in some high-tech areas, like brain-computer interface, intelligent actuator, flexible sensor, etc. However, traditional hydrogel is susceptive to freezing below zero, dehydration, performance swelling-induced deformation, and suffers from mechanical damage in extremely mechanical environments, which result in the loss of wet-soft peculiarities (e.g., flexibility, structure integrity, transparency), greatly limiting their applications. Therefore, reducing the freezing point, improving the dehydration/solution resistance, and designing mechanical adaptability are effective strategies to endow hydrogels with the extreme environmental adaptability, thus broadening their application fields. This review systematically summarizes research advances of environmentally adaptive hydrogels (EAHs), comprising anti-freezing, dehydration-resistant, acid/base/swelling deformation-resistant, and mechanical environment adaptive hydrogels (MEAHs). Firstly, fabrication methods are presented, including the deep eutectic solvent/ionic liquid substituent, the addition of salts, organogel, polymer network modification, and double network (DN) complex/nanocomposite strategy, etc. Meanwhile, the features of different approaches are overviewed. The mechanisms, properties, and applications (e.g., intelligent actuator, wound dressing, flexible sensor) of EAHs are demonstrated. Finally, the issues and future perspectives for EAHs’ researches are demonstrated.     

船舶表面新型环保防污涂料研究进展

随着人们环保意识的不断提高,环保、广谱的新型防污涂料已经成为当前海洋防污领域的研究热点。概述生物污损的形成过程和污损机制,综述近年来新型环保防污涂料的研究进展,包括污损释放防污涂料、光催化防污材料和基于仿生策略衍生而出的天然防污剂、水凝胶防污涂层等;介绍抗菌肽的作用机制和改性表面的制备手段,指出该类防污材料具有广谱的抗菌活性和环境友好性,有望成为具有理想防污功能的新型海洋防污涂料;展望未来防污涂料的研究方向,旨在为发展高效、广谱、绿色的海洋防污涂料提供参考。     

Effect of amide type modified rapeseed oil as lubricating additive on friction and wear behavior of steel-steel and steel-aluminum alloy systems

A new type of environmentally friendly lube additive-amide type modified rapeseed oil was synthesized and characterized by infrared spectrum. Its effect on the friction and wear behavior of steel-steel and steel-aluminum alloy systems were investigated with a four-ball machine and an Optimol SRV friction and wear tester respectively.The morphographies of the worn surfaces were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The worn surfaces of the 2024Al alloy block were analyzed by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results show that the modified rapeseed oil as additives can obviously decrease the wear rate and friction coefficient of steel pair and steel-aluminum frictional pair. Its lubrication mechanism is inferred that a high strength complex protection films form on the worn surface of the Al alloy due to the adsorption or tribochemistry reaction of a long chain additive molecule and high reaction activity of N element.     

生态环境友好型混凝土的研究现状与展望

分析探讨了混凝土对环境造成的危害，为实现可持续发展，必须开展生态环境友好型混凝土的研究。介绍了三类生态环境友好型混凝土的组成、结构和性能，提出了这种混凝土新材料今后的研究方向，是将粉煤灰等工业废渣的治理与生态环境治理和保护结合起来。     

弱相互作用调控表面活性剂自组装(Ⅲ)——响应性表面活性剂

天然的或合成的两亲分子(表面活性剂)可以自组装形成多尺度的聚集体结构,比如胶束、囊泡、液晶和纤维等。在表面活性剂中引入功能性基团,借助外界环境(比如光、温度、pH、CO2、磁等)的改变可以实现对表面活性剂的聚集方式的调控。本文主要介绍响应性表面活性剂的种类、结构以及环境刺激与响应性能之间的关系。     

Complementing retrofit with engagement: exploring energy consumption with social housing tenants

Councils and social housing organisations are looking to retrofit as a way to make their housing more energy efficient. Previous studies on energy use in social housing have generally focussed on the technological aspects (such as the potential savings possible by retrofitting this class of housing across the UK) or have involved one‐off interventions or measures. During a 2‐year period, we worked with previously homeless people to reduce their energy consumption. The 32 participants lived in small blocks of flats (owned by a social housing organisation) that underwent retrofitting with air source heat pumps. We ran a three‐phase tenant engagement programme to compare a range of approaches aimed at energy reduction. It was found that education, social norms and self‐awareness are all key components when it comes to initiating environmentally responsible behaviours. The three approaches complemented each other, and these ought to be considered alongside technology provision if the aim is to reduce energy consumption. A number of reflections on the implementation of medium‐term tenant engagement programmes are also presented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

橡胶防老剂的协同作用及发展趋势

介绍了橡胶防老剂协同作用的分类及其机理,并综述了不同协同作用防老剂的研究进展,指出聚合型大分子质量化、超细微粒化、反应型和绿色环保型等新品种的开发是防老剂研发未来的发展趋势.     

Research methods and performance analysis for the moderately high temperature refrigerant

In China, directly dropping high temperature refrigerant into conventional compressor is considered as a dominant technical route for development of moderately high temperature heat pump. Based on this route, selection criteria for high temperature refrigerant were presented with consideration of several influencing factors. Moreover, a set of research methods were built including theoretical calculations and experimental tests. Four high temperature refrigerants from HTR01 to HTR04 were compared and analyzed. In results, firstly, HTR03 and HTR04 belonging to non-ozone depleting refrigerants could bring outstanding environmental benefits; secondly, the condenser outlet water efficiently generated by heat pump using high temperature refrigerants could cover 60°C–90°C;; finally, the feasibility of the technical route and the research methods were proved. Supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grand No. NCET-04-0078)