环境敏感型材料在油气钻采中的研究进展

敏感型材料是指能感应外部条件并做出响应的材料,具备感知、驱动、控制功能,是当今研究热点。其中环境敏感型材料敏感度高、响应性显著、自调节能力突出,因此在油气钻采中有着广泛应用。环境敏感型材料可有效改善钻井液流变性、增强堵漏能力、提高采收率以及酸化增黏效果明显。本文综述了pH敏感材料、CO₂敏感材料、磁敏感材料、温敏材料、盐敏材料及压敏材料研究现状,并对上述材料从应用场合、合成方法、性能特性等方面进行分析,对环境敏感型材料今后在油气钻采中的应用作出展望,同时指出部分环境敏感型材料存在响应范围小、不易降解、稳定性差、储层保护能力偏弱的问题,建议未来环境敏感型材料应开发更好的纳米粒子、高分子聚合物、功能单体来推动其在油气钻采中的进一步发展。     

Wear in environmentally adapted lubricants with AW technology

The purpose of the study was to examine the tribofilm formation and the corresponding wear occurring in the boundary lubrication regime in environmentally adapted lubricants, i.e. when using synthetic ester base fluids with different anti‐wear additives. AW additives of the following types were studied: phosphorus, sulphur–phosphorus and sulphur–nitrogen together with an additive based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen chemistry. In addition, the base fluid itself was tested. Wear was studied in a pin‐on‐disc‐machine giving the wear coefficient. The surfaces were analysed by glow discharge‐optical emission spectroscopy, revealing the surface reactions formed by the additives. The results indicate that the wear number decreases with increasing reacted surface layer depth as well as with increasing oxide layer depth. Also, the results indicate that a highly polar base fluid give relatively low wear numbers even without additives. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

羧酸稀土复合光敏剂的研制及其在降解地膜中的应用

根据目前已合成的光敏剂对紫外光吸收的波长及吸光系数不同,对光敏剂进行复合,研制出对紫外光具有较高吸收效率的复合光敏剂,并制备了光钙型环境友好降解地膜塑料材料;通过人工加速老化实验、户外曝晒实验,采用紫外光谱、红外光谱、热失重分析等方法,对所研制的复合光敏剂的光敏化效果进行表征,结果表明,所研制的复合光敏剂与单一光敏剂相比,具有良好的紫外光敏化效果,羧酸稀土复合光敏剂又能使塑料在光引发后具有避光继续氧化降解的性能。     

生物质制备环保型融雪剂的实验研究

以醋酸废液和秸秆灰为原料制备环保型融雪剂,通过单因素实验,确定了几个反应因素对产品质量影响.通过正交实验探讨了最佳反应条件,温度为90℃,水酸用量比为8 1,酸用量为4.2 mL,反应时间为90 min.     

丁二酮的合成研究

丁二酮具有甜的、奶油、黄油香气,是一种重要的香料化合物,广泛用于各种香精配方中.比较了氯化铁、硫酸铁、氯化铜和硫酸铜4种氧化剂氧化乙偶姻制备丁二酮的效果,其氧化效果的顺序依次是：氯化铁〉氯化铜〉硫酸铁硫酸铜.氯化铁效果最好,丁二酮产率在85%左右.用双氧水再生氯化铁时,加入浓盐酸最佳用量与氯化亚铁的摩尔比为1∶3.3,再生后的氯化铁氧化效果良好,可多次循环使用.该方法与传统的丁酮亚硝化法相比,具有操作简单、产率高的优点,而且氧化剂可再生循环使用,对环境的污染小.     

445/45R19.5环保型宽基低断面全钢载重轮胎的开发设计

445/45R19.5规格环保型宽基低断面全钢载重子午线轮胎结构和施工设计、结构设计、外直径、断面宽、胎圈着合直径、花纹设计：采用公司经典5道沟设计;胶料配方设计：全部采用公司最新的环保配方和环保芳烃油;施工设计：从轮胎的气密层到胎面间依次为1层3+9+15*0.22W钢丝胎体、四层钢丝带束层、过渡层的气密层采用溴化丁基橡胶胶料、胎冠采用双复合。我们通过加宽行驶面,增大内腔容积,从而增大接地面积,提高产品的操纵稳定性,并降低轮胎的滚动阻力。     

聚合物水泥复合防水涂料的拉伸性能研究

本文就影响苯丙乳液-水泥复合防水涂料拉伸性能的诸多因素进行了系统的研究。试验结果表明,防水涂料的液粉比、灰聚比、养护制度,以及成膜助剂、增塑剂、水泥品种及其用量均对其涂膜的拉伸性能有显著的影响。     

绿色环保高效保温板研究

大部分常用的建筑外墙保温隔热材料原材料来源于化石资源。分析了常用保温材料对环境的影响,生产使用过程存在的环境污染问题,发展和提出了"声子共晶体"理论减少材料的热传递,从而构成绿色环保高效保温隔热板——"斯玛特"保温板(Smart Insulation,SIB),达到比常用保温隔热材料高的热阻,且所用原材料不来源于化石资源,生产使用过程绿色环保无污染。"斯玛特"保温板(SIB)是可持续发展的外墙保温材料,可替代目前常用的外墙保温隔热材料,使外墙保温隔热达到既节能又环保的可持续发展。     

生态环境友好型混凝土的研究现状与展望

分析探讨了混凝土对环境造成的危害，为实现可持续发展，必须开展生态环境友好型混凝土的研究。介绍了三类生态环境友好型混凝土的组成、结构和性能，提出了这种混凝土新材料今后的研究方向，是将粉煤灰等工业废渣的治理与生态环境治理和保护结合起来。     

The organicists: planners,planning, and the environment in Czechoslovakia (1914–1949)

This article takes a brief look at the history of modern Central European planning, especially spatial planning in Czechoslovakia. It is primarily focused on urban and regional planners, planning ideas, concepts, and projects that can be considered ‘organic’. Several important planners (all males) who kept pace with the most current European and US trends (e.g. Vladimír Zákrejs, Jind?ich Kumpo?t, Bohuslav Fuchs, Alois Miku?kovic, Ladislav ?ák, Karel Honzík, and Emanuel Hru?ka) are discussed. The text also mentions some of the driving forces of the time, which had a fundamental impact on organic approaches in planning, including the institutionalization of urban and regional planning. Attention is also given to various international influences and the transfer of ideas that have not yet been adequately analysed. In conclusion, there are some reflections on the significance of organic modernity that succinctly express the atmosphere of that time as well as the efforts of the mentioned planners and thinkers. The main message is to show the close connection between early modern urban planning and the phenomenon of organicism, or rather, organic modernity.