Polyesterification and isomerization of maleic anhydride and 1,6-hexane diol as studied by 1H and 13C n.m.r.

The polyesterification and isomerization reaction of 1,6-hexane diol and maleic anydride in a melt without catalyst was studied by ¹³C and ¹H n.m.r. spectroscopy. The structure and concentration of oligoester species during the polyesterification and isomerization were determined depending on the reaction temperature and time. According to the number and configuration of repeating units determined from ¹H n.m.r. spectra kinetics of both reactions were also considered. The degree of isomerization is continuously increasing in the investigated reaction range.     

Propylene epoxidation in a microreactor with electric heating

Gas phase propylene epoxidation on gold catalysts has attracted wide attention from industry and academia due to its high selectivity. However, it suffers from low propylene conversion and rapid catalyst deactivation. Experiments showed that propylene conversion could be increased by raising H₂, O₂, or C₃H₆ concentration in the feed, but the feed compositions were within the explosion limit. It was also shown that the activity of the used catalyst could be fully recovered, but the regeneration temperature was 280 °C, much higher than that for reaction. Therefore a microchannel reactor was devised to suppress explosion and was constructed with Fecralloy, to raise the temperature rapidly for catalyst regeneration by electric heating. In two minutes the temperature of the reactor could be raised from 50 to 300 °C. Catalysts were coated on the alloy belt by dip coating, and the performance of the reactor was evaluated under different operating conditions. Results showed that in the microreactor the overall reaction rate was controlled mainly by the intrinsic reaction rate, and also influenced by film diffusion to a certain extent. The deactivated catalyst was regenerated in the microchannel reactor and the activity was fully recovered.     

甲酸甲酯合成与转化的催化技术

本文评述了甲酸甲酯(MF)合成与转化的催化技术,展示了从MF出发发展C_1化学的可能途径,在MF的合成方面详细地分析了从甲醇出发的羰化法、脱氢法和氧化法催化技术,简介了我们的有关研究工作。     

自控系统在加氢反应工艺中的应用

通过对化工生产中加氢反应的危险性简要介绍,并以某药厂对加氢反应工艺自控系统改造时从自控方案选择到自控参量、主要自控设施确定及安装、校验和系统调试等主要过程实施为例,说明此种危险可行性,为药厂类加氢工艺自控系统的技术改造提供相应的参考。     

Exploring single electrode reactions in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Utilising a pseudo-reference electrode in polymer electrolyte fuel cells allows for the separation of anodic and cathodic contributions to the entire cell impedance. Modelling the impedance responses by using equivalent circuits inhibits the investigation of kinetic parameters of the basic electrochemical reactions, which take place at single electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Therefore, we evaluate single electrode impedance measurements by a kinetic model, which is based on specific reaction pathways, either for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) or the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). As a consequence, it is possible to obtain kinetic parameters for the specific reaction of interest. Furthermore, the information gained from the single electrode impedance measurements and the kinetic model can give insight into single reactions steps. In particular, the ORR has to include a chemical step in the reaction pathway.     

喷动床反应模型的研究进展

喷动床是一种可实现热量重复循环的高效反应器 .介绍了目前喷动床研究中出现的各种反应模型 ,从等温和非等温两个方面讨论了一维轴向、流管、半分割和流动反应耦合等各类模型的基本思想和理论及各自的特点 ,并提出了进一步发展的方向 .     

Reaction pathways of ethane oxidative and non-oxidative dehydrogenation on γ-Al2O3 studied by temperature-programmed reaction (TP-reaction)

In this work, the reactions of ethane and ethene in an oxidizing and non-oxidizing atmosphere over γ-alumina were investigated under temperature-programmed conditions, in an attempt to estimate the possible contribution and functionality of the support in the reaction pathway of ethane ODH over MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The results indicate that alumina contributes to the primary deep oxidation and dehydrogenation routes of ethane to CO_x and coke respectively, which proceed effectively over the acidic OH groups and the Al³⁺–O²⁻ acidic centers. On the contrary, the formation of ethylene seems to be coupled to the presence of redox sites on the catalytic surface and requires the presence of the molybdena phase. Moreover, the redox sites of the MoO_x species were found to unselectively activate the further overoxidation of the olefin to carbon oxides. Therefore, Al₂O₃ catalyzes the unselective primary oxidation of ethane to carbon oxides, whereas the molybdena phase is involved in the selective oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane to ethene and the secondary overoxidation of ethene to CO_x.     

Prediction model of compressive strength development of fly-ash concrete

Based on experimental results concerning the compressive strength development of concrete containing fly ash, the authors derived an estimation equation for compressive strength development. The equation can express coefficient , which indicates the activity of fly ash as a binder, in the form of a function of age, fly-ash content, and Blaine specific surface area of fly ash.

This equation is capable of explaining the increases in the early strength due to fly ash in place of part of fine aggregate, the decreases in the early strength due to fly ash in place of part of cement, the increases in the long-term strength due to pozzolanic reaction, the relationship between the fly-ash replacement ratio and the ratio of strength increase/decrease, and the effect of fly ash's Blaine specific surface area on the strength.     

循环式活性污泥法处理炼油污水

研究为在炼油污水的CAST工艺的主反应区中 ,通过恰当控制pH值和DO(污水中溶解氧含量 )值 ,可以使硝化与反硝化反应同步进行 ,在去除COD ,BOD的同时 ,也可提高其脱氮效果 ,从而得出DO的最佳值为 0 .8mg/L ,pH为 7.3～ 7.7之间。     

Modelling the effects of human papillomavirus in cervical cells

Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women, after breast cancer. The prevalence of this malignant disease is estimated at 1.4 million cases worldwide, causing about 290,000 deaths and 500,000 new cases per year, of which 80% correspond to women living in developing countries. In this work we propose a family of ordered models for basal cells of the cervix corresponding to different stages ranging from normal cells to the formation of precancerous lesions. We analyse the first member of the family analytically and for the second member we developed a non-standard numerical method in order to extract some biological information.