甘薯淀粉的结构、成分及其特性研究进展

本文综述了国内外甘薯淀粉的结构、化学组成及其特性的研究进展,论述了其独特的物化和功能性质,并展望了其在食品和工业上潜在的应用领域和发展方向,以期为我国甘薯淀粉的研究及其在食品工业上的应用提供理论参考。      

马铃薯淀粉废水中蛋白质的提取研究

实验采用碱提酸沉法与超滤相结合从马铃薯淀粉废水中提取蛋白质。通过单因素实验和响应曲面法优化碱提酸沉工艺,结果表明,碱提酸沉法提取马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白质的最佳工艺参数为:碱提pH9.35,碱提时间59min,酸沉pH3.41,酸沉时间10min。在此条件下蛋白质提取率可达54.24%。酸沉液采用10ku超滤膜进一步提取蛋白,最终总提取率可达93.42%。      

面团发酵过程中小麦淀粉理化性质的变化

以小麦粉为原料,结合水洗和离心提取小麦淀粉,研究面团发酵过程中一次发酵、二次发酵和醒发工序对直链淀粉含量、溶解度、溶胀度、糊化特性和凝胶特性等理化性质的影响。试验结果表明:发酵后直链淀粉质量分数提高3.7%～8.18%;采用黏度速测仪(RVA,Rapid visco analyzer)分析醒发后小麦淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度分别上升52 RVU、58.67 RVU和73.33 RVU;采用质构仪(TPA,Texture profile anal-ysis)对发酵过程小麦淀粉凝胶特性进行研究,发现醒发后凝胶特性有所改善,硬度提高48.60 g,弹性提高0.03,内聚性、回复性分别提高0.05、0.15。     

Fermentation by Amylolytic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Consequences for Starch Digestibility of Plantain, Breadfruit, and Sweet Potato Flours

The potential of tropical starchy plants such as plantain (Musa paradisiaca), breadfruit (Artocarpus communis), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) for the development of new fermented foods was investigated by exploiting the capacity of some lactic acid bacteria to hydrolyze starch. The amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) Lactobacillus plantarum A6 and Lactobacillus fermentum Ogi E1 were able to change the consistency of thick sticky gelatinized slurries of these starchy fruits and tubers into semiliquid to liquid products. Consequently, a decrease in apparent viscosity and an increase in Bostwick flow were observed. These changes and the production of maltooligosaccharides confirmed starch hydrolysis. Sucrose in sweet potato was not fermented by strain A6 and poorly fermented by strain Ogi E1, suggesting possible inhibition of sucrose fermentation. In all 3 starchy plants, rapidly digestible starch (RDS) was higher than slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) represented between 17% and 30% dry matter (DM). The digestibility of plantain was not affected by fermentation, whereas the RDS content of breadfruit and sweet potato decreased and the RS content increased after fermentation. Practical Application: The characteristics resulting from different combinations of gluten free starchy plants (plantain, breadfruit, sweet potato) and amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) offer opportunities to develop new functional fermented beverages, mainly for breadfruit and sweet potato, after further investigation of their formulation, sensory attributes, nutritional, and prebiotic characteristics.     

淀粉替代剂在双胶纸中的应用

探讨了淀粉替代剂部分替代淀粉进行表面施胶,使双胶纸质量有一定提高,并降低了生产成本。实验表明,当淀粉替代剂替代比例为20%时,方案最佳,吨纸成本可节约22.09元,胶液成膜性比未使用替代剂要好,而且成纸的表面强度和裂断长分别比未使用替代剂时提高21%（正面）/17%（反面）和24%,透气度也有所降低,平滑度与之前相当,表面施胶剂烷基烯酮二聚体（AKD）的用量比未使用替代剂时节约3.1 kg/t（纸）。     

Enzymatic modifications of pea protein and its application in protein-cassava and corn starch gels

The interactions between starch and proteins during processing influence pasting and rheological properties of starch and produce modifications on starch gel structure. Enzymatic modifications have been proposed for overcoming the limitations of using proteins as food ingredients. This work aimed to study the impact of native and enzymatically modified pea proteins on the properties of protein-starch (from cassava or corn) gels. Pea protein isolate (PPI) was incubated with endopeptidase (AL) or microbial transglutaminase (TG). Pasting profile, rheological behaviour and water retention capacity of protein-starch gels were analyzed. Protein (native and enzymatically modified) incorporation increased the viscosity of both corn and cassava starches during gel preparation. However, the hydrolyzed protein reduced drastically the increment of viscosity of protein-starch gels. The addition of PPI led to corn starch network that shifted from an elastic-like nature to a more viscous-like, whereas the opposite effect was observed in cassava gel network. TG- and AL-treated proteins led to a decrease of both G′ and G″ moduli of protein-starch gels, and AL-treated proteins showed the highest decrease on these parameters. Hydrolyzed proteins also favoured the syneresis of the protein-corn starch gel, whereas crosslinked proteins tended to reduce it. Enzymatic modifications of pea proteins affected significantly pasting and rheological properties of protein-starch gels.     

Effects of extrusion processing on nutrients in dry pet food

Extrusion cooking is commonly used to produce dry pet foods. As a process involving heat treatment, extrusion cooking can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the nutritional quality of the product. Desirable effects of extrusion comprise increase in palatability, destruction of undesirable nutritionally active factors and improvement in digestibility and utilisation of proteins and starch. Undesirable effects of extrusion include reduction of protein quality due to e.g. the Maillard reaction, decrease in palatability and loss of heat‐labile vitamins. Effects of extrusion processing on the nutritional values of feeds for livestock have been well documented. Literature results concerning effects of extrusion on dry pet foods, however, are scarce. The present review discusses the results of studies investigating the impact of extrusion cooking on the nutritional quality of dry pet foods. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fat reduction in emulsion sausage using an enzyme‐modified potato starch

BACKGROUND: A heat‐stable amylase‐modified potato starch (MPS) was prepared and used as a fat replacer in reduced‐fat emulsion sausages. The effects of fat level (50, 150 and 300 g kg^?1) and MPS addition (20 and 40 g kg^?1) on energy, colour, sensory, and textural properties of emulsion sausages were investigated. RESULTS: The addition of 20 or 40 g kg^?1 of MPS in reduced‐fat sausage (50–150 g kg^?1 fat) reduced total energy (15.1–49.4%), increased lightness, but lowered redness of the products (P < 0.05). The 150 g kg^?1 or 50 g kg^?1 fat sausages containing 20 g kg^?1 MPS had a similar hardness to the 300 g kg^?1 fat control (P > 0.05). Sensory evaluation indicated that the presence of MPS in reduced‐fat sausages increased (P < 0.05) the product's tenderness. CONCLUSION: Overall, the 150 g kg^?1 fat emulsion sausages with 20 g kg^?1 MPS were comparable to the 300 g kg^?1 fat control sausage in colour, texture profile, and sensory properties, but was lower in energy, suggesting that the MPS can be used as a potential fat replacer in sausage products. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Rheology of Mixed Systems of Sweet Potato Starch and Galactomannans

The effect of galactomannans (guar gum and locust bean gum) at different concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%, w/w) on rheological properties of sweet potato starch (SPS) was studied. The flow behaviors of SPS‐galactomannan mixtures were determined from the rheological parameters of power law and Casson models. The SPS‐galactomannan mixtures had high shear‐thinning fluid characteristics (n = 0.30‐0.36) exhibiting yield stress at 25°C. The presence of galactomannans resulted in the increase in consistency index (K), apparent viscosity (η_a,100) and Casson yield stress (σ_oc). In the temperature range of 25‐70°C, the mixtures followed the Arrhenius temperature relationship. Dynamic rheological tests at 25°C indicated that the SPS‐galactomannan mixtures had weak gel‐like behavior with storage moduli (G′) higher than loss moduli (G") over most of the frequency range (0.63‐62.8 rad/s) with frequency dependency. The magnitudes of dynamic moduli (G′, G" and η*) of the SPS‐galactomannan mixtures were higher than those of the control (0% gum), and increased with an increase in gum concentration. The tan δ (ratio of G"/G′) values (0.41‐0.46) of SPS‐guar gum mixtures were much lower than those (0.50‐0.63) of SPS‐locust bean gum mixtures, indicating that there was a more pronounced effect of guar gum on the elastic properties of SPS.