八种农药防治柿绵粉蚧效果研究

本文报道了用８种农药防治柿绵粉蚧的试验结果，久效磷的效果最好，５天校正死亡率为９５．３％。     

花生蛴螬绿色防控药剂筛选与应用效果比较

[目的]为了筛选对花生蛴螬具有高效、安全的绿色防控药剂,提高花生的产量。[方法]筛选调查11种药剂防治花生蛴螬的田间防治效果,评估药剂对花生的出苗率、保株率和产量的影响。[结果]3%阿维菌素·吡虫啉颗粒剂1800~2250 g a.i./hm^2播种前沟施、0.5%毒死蜱颗粒剂2250~2700 g a.i./hm^2和5%毒死蜱颗粒剂2250 g a.i./hm^2播种前撒施,处理后60 d防虫效果80%以上,花生增产23.98%~30.96%;33%吡虫啉·辛硫磷FS 160 g/100kg种子包衣处理保株效果83%,增产12.28%。[结论]毒死蜱单用,吡虫啉与阿维菌素、辛硫磷复配均可有效防治花生蛴螬,对作物安全,保株和增产效果明显,符合绿色防控要求,可推广使用。     

多种杀虫剂对菜蛾绒茧蜂的毒性比较

10种不同类型的杀虫剂分别作用于菜蛾绒茧蜂（Cotesia plutellae）的蛹期和成虫期,观察这些杀虫剂对绒茧蜂的影响。试验表明,敌敌畏和杀虫双处理蜂茧后降低了成蜂羽化率,其他杀虫剂处理蜂茧后并未影响成蜂的羽化。在成虫触杀和胃毒试验中,毒死蜱、杀虫双和多杀霉素的毒力最高,在24h内可导致成蜂100％死亡,其他的菊酯类杀虫剂和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的毒力次之,阿维菌素和甲氧虫酰肼的毒力最低,没有任何影响。胃毒作用存活的雌蜂寄生率降低。在叶片残留试验中,毒死蜱的毒力最高,成虫死亡率达100％;敌敌畏、氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、杀虫双和多杀霉素的成虫死亡率在22％～40％,其他几种杀虫剂均没有死亡。     

杀虫剂对七星瓢虫幼虫的敏感性测定

采用点滴法测定了七星瓢虫4龄幼虫对17种杀虫剂的敏感性,其中有机磷类杀虫剂5种,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂6种,其他类杀虫剂6种。结果表明,七星瓢虫4龄幼虫对有机磷类5种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为三唑磷>辛硫磷>毒死蜱>乙酰甲胺磷>敌百虫;对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性依次为甲氰菊酯>高效氯氟氰菊酯>高效氯氰菊酯>溴氰菊酯>醚菊酯>氰戊菊酯;对其他6种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为吡虫啉>氟虫腈>阿维菌素>甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐>杀螟丹>抗蚜威。总体而言,七星瓢虫对乙酰甲胺磷、敌百虫、醚菊酯、氰戊菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、杀螟丹、抗蚜威等7种杀虫剂的敏感性较低,对另外10种杀虫剂的敏感性较高。     

Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (FABR.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP. with essential oils from four Citrus spp. plants

The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), is a major pest of cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in storage units, making the grains unsuitable for consumption. The adverse effects of chemical control methods have been motivating the demand for alternatives in pest control, such as the use of natural products like essential oils. The aim of this study was to obtain and chemically identify the components of essential oils extracted from fruit peels of Citrus latifolia Tanaka, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck and Citrus paradisi Macf., as well as to determine the contact and fumigant toxicity of these oils and their repellent effect on C. maculatus adults. The GC-MS analysis identified 45 compounds in the essential oils; the major components were described as follows: C. latifolia (limonene 57.7%, γ-terpinene 17.2%, β-pinene 12.3%, α-pinene 2.0%), and C. sinensis (limonene 93.8%, myrcene 2.1%), C. reticulata (limonene 94.2%, myrcene 1.6%) and C. paradisi (limonene 94.2%, myrcene 1.8%). In the contact toxicity tests using treated cowpeas the LC₅₀ values ranged from 943.9 to 1037.7 ppm, with the lowest value for C. latifolia and the highest for C. sinensis. The number of eggs and newly emerged adults was inversely proportional to essential oil concentration increase. In the fumigant toxicity test, LC₅₀ values ranged from 10.2 to 12.98 μL/L air, with C. latifolia showing the best results. In the repellency test, the essential oils were classified as neutral at all concentrations. The percentages of oviposition reduction ranged from 29.74 to 71.66%, while reduction in emergence varied from 15.43 to 85.31%. Essential oils of citrus peels (industrial waste) could be widely used for C. maculatus control. Moreover, they could gain economic value if used on a large scale to produce essential oils.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定陈皮中7种新烟碱类农药残留

目的 建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)测定陈皮中噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、噻虫啉、呋虫胺、氯噻啉、吡虫啉、啶虫脒7种新烟碱类农药的分析方法.方法 陈皮中的7种新烟碱类农药经乙腈提取,...     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定动物源性食品中5种双酰胺类杀虫剂的残留

目的 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法检测猪肉、猪肝、鸭肉、鸡肉和鱼肉等动物源性食品中5种双酰胺类杀虫剂(氟苯虫酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺、四氯虫酰胺、环溴虫酰胺)的残留量。方法 采用QuEChERS样品前处理技术,样品经乙腈水提取,提取液用1 g无水硫酸镁和2 g氯化钠脱水,150 mg N-丙基乙二胺、150 mg C₁₈和400 mg无水硫酸镁净化,以乙腈-5 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液作为流动相,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱梯度洗脱分离,电喷雾离子源离子化,负离子多反应监测模式检测。结果 5种双酰胺类杀虫剂在2～50 ng/mL的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)大于0.999 0,在3.0 μg/kg、6.0 μg/kg和12.0 μg/kg 3个添加水平下,5种双酰胺类杀虫剂的回收率范围为79.6%～112.4%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSD)为0.6%～6.9% (n=6),方法检出限和定量限范围分别为0.7～1.0 μg/kg和2.0～3.0 μg/kg。结论 本方法操作简单、灵敏度和准确度高、重现性好,可同时检测动物源性食品中5种双酰胺类杀虫剂的残留量,为其日常监管提供了技术支持。     

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Fish Oil Supplements on the Canadian Market: Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Insecticides

ABSTRACT:  Fish and seal oil dietary supplements, marketed to be rich in omega-3 fatty acids, are frequently consumed by Canadians. Samples of these supplements ( n  = 30) were collected in Vancouver, Canada, between 2005 and 2007. All oil supplements were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides (OCs) and each sample was found to contain detectable residues. The highest ΣPCB and ΣDDT (1,1,1-trichloro-di-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) concentrations (10400 ng/g and 3310 ng/g, respectively) were found in a shark oil sample while lowest levels were found in supplements prepared using mixed fish oils (anchovy, mackerel, and sardine) (0.711 ng ΣPCB/g and 0.189 ng ΣDDT/g). Mean ΣPCB concentrations in oil supplements were 34.5, 24.2, 25.1, 95.3, 12.0, 5260, 321, and 519 ng/g in unidentified fish, mixed fish containing no salmon, mixed fish with salmon, salmon, vegetable with mixed fish, shark, menhaden ( n  = 1), and seal ( n  = 1), respectively. Maximum concentrations of the other OCs were generally observed in the seal oil. The hexachlorinated PCB congeners were the dominant contributors to ΣPCB levels, while ΣDDT was the greatest contributor to organochlorine levels. Intake estimates were made using maximum dosages on manufacturers' labels and results varied widely due to the large difference in residue concentrations obtained. Average ΣPCB and ΣDDT intakes were calculated to be 736 ± 2840 ng/d and 304 ± 948 ng/d, respectively.     

植物性杀虫剂防治储粮害虫的研究进展

储粮害虫的危害能够引起粮食减产和品质下降,目前使用化学农药的负面影响的出现,使得亟待发现新的环境友好型农药进行储粮害虫的防治.植物成为寻找新的环境友好型绿色农药的重要来源,很多学者在植物性杀虫剂的应用研究方面做了大量的工作.针对植物性杀虫剂在储粮害虫防治研究中所取得的成果,系统介绍了植物性杀虫剂的作用方式、作用机理、活性成分等方面的研究进展,以期为从事植物性杀虫剂研究的工作提供参考.     

Combined effects of contact insecticides and 50 °C temperature on Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in wheat grain

The effects of the insecticides deltamethrin, bifenthrin, thiamethoxam, spinosad and abamectin were tested in the laboratory in combination with extreme temperature of 50 °C to discover potential improvements of existing pest management programmes for Sitophilus oryzae (L.) control. Adults were released into wheat grain treated with three insecticide doses ranging 0.125–1.0 mg/kg and exposed to 50±1 °C temperature at the intervals of 0, 65, 75 and 85 min, and direct and combined effects were determined after 1, 2, 7 and 14 days of exposure/recovery at 25±1 °C and 60 ± 5% r. h., as well as impact on F₁ progeny production/reduction PR (%) after 8 weeks.The results showed that the mortality of S. oryzae adults increased with exposure/recovery duration more than under the activity of each insecticide alone and its interaction with extreme temperature. After 14 days, all three rates of deltamethrin (0.125–0.5 mg/kg), the two higher rates of bifenthrin (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) and the highest rates of abamectin (0.5 mg/kg) and thiamethoxam (1.0 mg/kg) caused maximum adult mortality (100%) and PR (100%) after weevil exposure to 50 °C already after the interval of 65 min, while spinosad had the same effect after 75 and 85 min, which effectiveness was 1.25–20 times higher than the activities of the insecticides and 50 °C temperature alone, considering all trial variants. The lowest rate of bifenthrin (0.125 mg/kg) was found after 65 min activity in combination with exposure to 50 °C, and especially spinosad (0.25 mg/kg) after 65 and 75 min, to have stimulated progeny production 17, 33 and 236%, respectively, while deltametrin showed 100% effectiveness against S. oryzae in all combinations of wheat grain treatment at 50 °C temperature, including the dose 0.125 mg/kg.