Synthesis and Characterization of Cationic Surfactants Based on N‐Hexamethylenetetramine as Active Microfouling Agents

Four cationic surfactants of quaternary hexammonium silane chloride based on hexamethylenetetramine and alkyl chloride were synthesized. The chemical structures of the prepared cationic surfactants were elucidated using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analysis. The surface and thermodynamic properties of the prepared surfactants were also studied. The performance of these cationic surfactants as microfouling agents against two strains of Gram‐negative bacteria, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and two strains of Gram‐positive bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, were evaluated as antimicrobial agents. The results showed that the maximum antimicrobial activity was detected for N‐hexamethylenetetramine‐N‐ethyl silane ammonium trichloride (Ah). The maximum and minimum antimicrobial activities were 73 and 60 % against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, at a concentration of 5 mg/l, pH 7, and 37 °C.     

Thermo‐hydraulic analysis of refinery heat exchangers undergoing fouling

A complete, systematic approach is presented for the analysis and characterization of fouling and cleaning in refinery heat exchangers. Bringing together advanced thermo‐hydraulic dynamic models, some new formulations, and a method for dynamic analysis of plant data, it allows: extracting significant information from the data; evaluating the fouling state of the units based on thermal measurements and pressure drops, if available; identifying the range of deposit conductivity leading to realistic pressure drops, if pressure measurements are unavailable; estimating key fouling and ageing parameters; estimating the effectiveness of cleaning and surface conditions after a clean; and predicting thermal and hydraulic performance with good accuracy for other periods/exchangers operating in similar conditions. An industrial case study demonstrates the performance prediction in seamless simulations that include partial and total cleanings for over 1000 days operation. The risks of using thermal effects alone and the significant advantages of including pressure drop measurements are highlighted. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 984–1001, 2017     

灰色理论在污垢热阻预测中的应用

由于影响换热器污垢热阻的因素较为复杂,对其预测比较困难。针对这种情况,提出了利用灰色理论对污垢热阻进行预测。通过实验表明,预测的结果和实测值能较好吻合,可以较准确地预测污垢热阻随时间的变化趋势。     

翼型涡流发生器对析晶污垢抑制特性的模拟研究

为研究翼型涡流发生器的结构对析晶污垢沉积的影响,利用数值模拟的方法研究在改变其间距、攻角和翼型的情况下,污垢沉积的变化情况。通过引入抑垢率的计算,来表征涡流发生器的抑垢特性。根据实验得出的光片单位面积污垢沉积量与模拟光片得出结果对比,说明验证模拟方法的可行性。通过模拟研究发现在两种攻角下,间距与抑垢率之间的变化关系相同。当间距为10至60mm时,抑垢率随间距的增加而减小。当间距为60至80mm时,则是反向变化。在相同攻角下,流动方向投影面积与抑垢率之间呈现同相变化。投影面积的影响效果与间距相关。     

CaCO3 fouling on microscale–nanoscale hydrophobic titania–fluoroalkylsilane films in pool boiling

Micrometer–nanometer hydrophobic titania–fluoroalkylsilane composite coatings were prepared on substrates based on liquid‐phase deposition. Coatings and crystallization forms were characterized with instruments of surface analyses. Experimental facilities of pool boiling were established to evaluate heat and mass transfer on coated surfaces in deionized water and saturated calcium carbonate solution. Obvious pool boiling enhancement was observed on thinner microscale–nanoscale hydrophobic titania–fluoroalkylsilane composite films at higher heat fluxes compared to that on thicker titania–fluoroalkylsilane coatings or on titania coatings and stainless steel surfaces. Lower fouling resistance was obtained on titania–fluoroalkylsilane coatings in pool boiling of saturated calcium carbonate solution and crystal form was aragonite, which was different from calcite on titania coatings. Results of inhibition of fouling and enhancement of heat transfer on titania–fluoroalkylsilane coatings were contributed to special surface microscale–nanoscale structure and material wettability. Asymptotic model was used to fit experimental data of fouling resistance, and reasonable agreement was obtained. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2662–2678, 2013     

磁场处理对水分子结构和CaCO3成核影响实验及分析

采用紫外可见分光光度法研究了CaCl2溶液在是否施加交变磁场及不同温度、浓度下吸光度的变化情况,证明了磁处理对水分子间结构状态的影响.通过对CaCO3溶液的电导率与加磁反应时间之间的实验分析,进一步验证了磁处理对CaCO3晶核生成的促进作用.     

膜蒸馏法淡化苦咸水中的膜污染初步研究

利用气隙式膜蒸馏考察了操作温度、料液中难溶盐种类及其饱和度以及料液中不溶颗粒等因素对膜渗透性能的影响。结果表明，硫酸钙、碳酸钙和氢氧化镁是苦咸水中的主要结垢物，它们在膜表面沉积、结垢，使膜通量下降，甚至会破坏膜的疏水性，对料液进行预处理可有效防止沉积物的出现。     

面向油水分离的无机膜制备及应用进展

膜技术是处理含油污水及含水油液的有效分离方法。无机膜材料由于可调变的表面性质和良好的稳定性,即使在苛刻的条件下,在分离油水方面表现出优异的分离性能。本文首先阐述了设计与制备油水分离膜的理论基础,包括分离过程中压力驱动力和膜表面特性对膜通量和选择性的影响;然后综述了当前国内外用于油水分离的无机膜的制备及其应用进展,重点介绍分子筛膜、金属氧化物/金属氢氧化物膜和氧化石墨烯膜等的研究,分析了在不同油水混合物中研究者们调控无机膜表面性能的策略,提出膜表面润湿性和膜结构是提高膜分离效率和抗污染性的关键;最后指出抵制含大量表面活性剂、碱液及有机聚合物种的乳化油对膜造成污染,是无机膜亟需解决的问题,并展望了无机膜在分离油水方面的发展方向。     

塔板上CaCO3结垢速率

在100 mm塔径的筛板塔内,采用加速结垢的方法研究了Ca(OH)2-H2O-CO2-Air体系内4种不同材质的塔板表面上CaCO3的结垢行为,考察了液相浓度、温度、CO2浓度、F因子、时间及材质对结垢速率的影响. 结果表明,塔板上的CaCO3结垢为方解石晶形. 结垢过程可大致分为3个阶段：起始阶段、过渡阶段、稳定阶段. 各因素对结垢速率影响可拟合成方程u=Ae-E/(RT)ca1cb2qcv,lqdv,gte,但第三阶段中t不出现. 实验条件下,CaCO3在筛板上结垢的活化能变化范围为8.01~28.4 kJ/mol,结垢第三阶段的活化能最大,第一阶段最小,整个过程由扩散控制.     

污水生物处理系统中溶解性微生物产物的研究进展

对SMP的定义、来源、组成、特性、影响因素、动力学模型以及SMP诱导的膜污染和控制措施进行了总结.SMP是由于基质新陈代谢和生物量衰减释放到溶液中的一类有机化合物,其主要组成为腐植酸和富里酸、多糖、蛋白质、核酸、有机酸、氨基酸、抗生素、类固醇、胞外聚合酶、含铁细胞等.这些物质大都具有一定的毒性和螯合金属的能力,在MBR系统中还会引发膜污染.研究证明活性炭吸附对SMP的去除效果最佳.