基于主成分分析法评价两种餐饮用油的煎炸性能

目的 分析两种常见餐饮用油(餐饮调和油A和餐饮调和油B)煎炸性能的差异,并对餐饮用油煎炸品质进行综合评估。方法 在模拟西式快餐实际油炸条件下进行煎炸薯条实验,考察了餐饮用油在油炸过程中十项品质指标,并利用主成分分析法(PCA)对两种餐饮用油在油炸过程中的煎炸性能进行综合评价。结果 餐饮用油品质指标间存在不同程度的相关性,PCA将10个品质指标缩减成2个综合性评价指标,累计贡献率达87.920%,反映了餐饮用油煎炸品质的大部分信息,并进一步提取出评估餐饮用油煎炸性能的5个关键指标,即过氧化值、极性组分、碘价、羰基值以及亚油酸/棕榈酸比值。主成分分析综合得分表明,在油炸过程中,餐饮调和油A得分较高,具有较好的煎炸性能。结论 本研究建立的餐饮用油煎炸性能评价体系为煎炸油的筛选和质量控制提供借鉴。     

Effects of processing conditions on the quality of vacuum‐fried carrot chips

The effects of pretreatment and vacuum frying conditions on the quality of fried carrot chips were studied. The moisture and oil contents of fried carrot chips were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced when blanched carrot slices were pretreated by immersion in fructose solution and freezing prior to vacuum frying. Furthermore, more uniform porosity was observed on the vertical cross‐section of carrot chips when examined by scanning electron microscopy. During vacuum frying, the moisture content, colour and breaking force of carrot chips decreased while the oil content increased with increasing frying temperature and time. However, there was no apparent change in Hunter ΔE with time when the frying temperature was below 100 °C and the frying time was below 25 min. Results of this study suggest that vacuum frying at moderate temperature (90–100 °C) for 20 min can produce carrot chips with lower moisture and oil contents as well as good colour and crispy texture. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

棕榈油和大豆油在油条煎炸过程中品质变化研究

以不同熔点棕榈油和棕榈油―大豆油混合油为原料,以大豆油作对照,通过比较油条外观、口感,筛选出适于煎炸油条的棕榈油,再进一步通过测定油条煎炸过程中油脂样品游离脂肪酸(FFA)、过氧化值(PV)、色泽、极性值(PC)、羰基价(COV)等指标,研究两种油在油条煎炸过程中品质变化情况。研究结果表明,熔点14℃棕榈液油和大豆油都适于煎炸油条,且棕榈液油在煎炸过程中具有比大豆油更好氧化稳定性,仅是其游离脂肪酸(FFA)和色泽上升速率快于大豆油。总的来说,两种油在满足煎炸油质量要求前提下,同等数量棕榈油可比大豆油煎炸更多油条。     

Effect of potato presence on the degradation of extra virgin olive oil during frying

This work investigates the effect of potato presence on the degradation of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) during repeated frying. For this reason the performance of EVOO during frying was compared with its performance during heating at frying temperatures. In order to make meaningful comparisons the temperature profiles obtained during the frying experiments were replicated during the heating experiments by means of a high energy exchange rate cooling/heating system. The effects of potato‐to‐oil ratio (1/7 and 1/35 kg_potatoes/L_oil) and number (N) of batches (N = 0, 1, 0, 20, 30, 40) were examined. EVOO was analysed using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). It was found that polymerisation products increased linearly during frying and heating and that they were not affected by potatoes presence at low ratio. The effect of potato presence became statistically significant (yet not remarkable) at the high ratio. Decomposition products increased during frying whereas they decreased during heating.     

Odor Significance of the Volatiles Formed During Deep-Frying With Palm Olein

Palm olein is currently considered to be one of the best options for deep-frying, but as with any other edible oil, during frying, deteriorative reactions produce off-flavor compounds that reduce the oil sensory quality. This study assessed the odor significance of the volatiles formed during 136 h of deep-frying a chicken product in palm olein, aiming to identify potential markers of the oil sensory quality during frying. The volatiles were isolated by solid phase microextraction, and identified by GC–MS. Trained judges assessed the odor intensity and quality of the volatiles formed during frying, evaluating the GC effluents through a GC–olfactometry technique called OSME. Two hundred and eight volatiles were detected by GC/MS in the palm olein after 136 h frying. Of these, heptanal, t-2-heptenal, decanal and t-2-undecenal were identified as potential markers of the sensory quality of palm olein during frying. Hexanal, pentanal and pentane, usually associated with lipid oxidation, showed no odor impact in the GC effluents, and were thus proven not to be good markers of the sensory quality of palm olein when used for a long frying period.     

Development of Healthy Low-Fat Snacks: Understanding the Mechanisms of Quality Changes During Atmospheric and Vacuum Frying

Excess consumption of fat, a main component in fried food, is a key dietary contributor to coronary heart disease and perhaps some types of cancer. Although consumers are interested in healthier snacks, they are not willing to sacrifice organoleptic properties. Vacuum frying might be an alternative for the production of nutritious, healthy, palatable, and novel snacks. The objective of this review is to discuss the effect of atmospheric deep-fat frying on the main microstructural components and quality parameters of fried food, to understand how quality can be improved by lowering the operating pressure and, therefore, the processing temperature.     

Vacuum frying of high-quality fruit and vegetable-based snacks

Sweet potato, green beans, Tommy Atkins mango, and blue potato were fried in a vacuum frying process at a temperature of 120-130 ± 1°C. Before frying, green beans and mango slices were soaked in a 50% maltodextrine 0.15% citric acid solution. The products were also fried in a traditional (atmospheric pressure) fryer at 160-165 ± 1°C for 4 min. A 30-member consumer panel rated the sensory quality of both types of fried snacks using a 1-9 hedonic scale. Compared with traditional frying, oil content of vacuum-fried sweet-potato chips and green beans was 24% and 16% lower, respectively. Blue potato and mango chips had 6% and 5% more oil, respectively, than the traditional-fried samples. Anthocyanin (mg/100 g d.b.) of vacuum-fried blue potato chips was 60% higher. Final total carotenoids (mg/g d.b.) were higher by 18% for green beans, 19% for mango chips, and by 51% for sweet-potato chips. Sensory panelists overwhelmingly preferred (p < 0.05) the vacuum-fried products for color, texture, taste, and overall quality. Most of the products retained or accentuated their original colors when fried under vacuum. The traditional-fried products showed excessive darkening and scorching. These results support the applicability of vacuum frying technology to provide high-quality fruit and vegetable snacks.     

Characterisation of pore properties of deep‐fat‐fried chicken nuggets breading coating using mercury intrusion porosimetry technique

The objective of this study was to characterise the pore properties of deep‐fat‐fried chicken nuggets coating under different processing conditions namely frying temperatures (170, 180 and 190 °C) and time (0–240 s) using porosimetry technique. Porosity range obtained was between 39.93 and 68.99%. Porosity of the freeze‐dried samples decreased with frying time. The main effect of temperature on porosity was significant (P < 0.05). Porosity showed a high positive and negative correlation with moisture and fat contents, and the correlation coefficients ranged between 0.88 and 0.96 and 0.78 and 0.8, respectively. Bulk density increased with frying time, while apparent density was relatively the same. Pore distribution showed bimodality. There was no significant effect of temperature on pore size distribution. Over 70% of the pore volume is made up of pores greater than 1 μm. Pore volume ranged between 0.54 and 1.5 cm³ g^?1, and it decreased with frying time. Mean pore diameter was between 0.006 and 389 μm, while with frying time, it ranged between 0.25 and 8.32 μm. Total pore area was between 2.53 and 16.53 m² g^?1. Hysteresis phenomenon showed that some of the pores were not perfectly cylindrical in shape.     

Effect of osmotic pretreatment and microwave frying on acrylamide formation in potato strips

BACKGROUND: The presence of acrylamide, a probable carcinogen, is currently a major concern relating to the consumption of fried products. Therefore, recent frying studies have focused on ways of reducing the acrylamide content. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of microwave frying and osmotic treatment prior to frying on acrylamide formation in potato strips. RESULTS: Potatoes fried using 400 W microwave power for 1.0 min had an 87.85% lower acrylamide content than potatoes fried conventionally for 4.5 min (i.e. an 81.82% reduction in frying time) but a comparable moisture content. The acrylamide content of fried potatoes treated osmotically prior to both microwave and conventional frying was found to be lower than that of fried potatoes not pretreated osmotically. However, the reduction in acrylamide content was lower when osmotic treatment was applied before microwave frying. CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, it was concluded that microwave frying can be an alternative to conventional frying. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry