Hydrogen promotion by Co/SiO2@HZSM-5 core-shell catalyst for syngas from plastic waste gasification: The combination of functional materials

In the present work, a core-shell structured Co/SiO₂@HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared for hydrogen production from syngas of plastic waste gasification. The cobalt catalyst was coated with HZSM-5 shell through a hydrothermal process, and the Co/SiO₂@HZSM-5, with different loadings of HZSM-5 (e.g., 10–30 wt %) exhibited excellent activity and durability for dehydrogenation reactions. The amount of HZSM-5 was found to be an important factor for hydrogen production. Temperature-programmed reduction with H₂ and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia was applied to determine the active site and the acidity of prepared catalyst, respectively. The prepared Co/SiO₂@HZSM-5 was tested through reforming of plastic gasification syngas and shown superior hydrogen production ability (∼90%) and stability (over 15 h). The effects of reduction-oxidation behavior on the catalytic performance were also discussed.     

Plasma fixed bed gasification using an Eulerian model

Gasification of solid waste is considered as a green and sustainable solution to perform energy recovery from several waste streams. This work aims to adapt an Euler-Euler multiphase mathematical model to understand the effects of physical and chemical factors, i.e. equivalence ratio (ER), steam to fuel ratio (SFR), and input plasma power of municipal solid waste (MSW) fixed bed gasification. The model is capable of simulating temperature and velocity fields, as well as gas and solid composition variations inside the reactor. A two-step pyrolysis model is used considering the pyrolysis mechanism of cellulose and plastic components. Drying, pyrolysis, homogeneous gas reactions, and heterogeneous combustion/gasification reactions were also included in the model. It was shown that the proposed model could provide accurate predictions against experimental data with a deviation generally lesser than 10%. Conclusion could be drawn that an ER of 0.3 and an SRF of 0.5 seems to be the most favourable conditions in order to obtain a high-quality syngas. Higher plasma power is favourable to obtain a high-quality syngas. However, the high electric power required penalizes the process efficiency and may compromise the economic viability of a plasma gasification project.     

Coal char particle secondary fragmentation in an entrained-flow coal-water slurry gasifier

Coal char particle size in the gasifier has an influence on the carbon conversion, gasifier slagging as well as the particle matter content in raw syngas. The particle size distribution in a bench-scale opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasifier illustrated that the secondary fragmentation behavior exists in the entrained-flow gasifier after the particles moving from high temperature impinging flame region to the gasification chamber outlet region. Particles larger than 200 μm in the impinging flame region have porosity structures with fragile shapes. Particle size distributions under different oxygen to carbon ratios (O/C) also indicate that there is an obvious fragmentation while the particle size is larger than 200 μm. As long as the coal char particles move from the impinging flame region towards the gasification chamber outlet region, the secondary fragmentation is probably taken place as a result of percolative fragmentation, undergoing gasification reactions and thermal stress. However, thermal stress fragmentation only has an influence on the particle sizes larger than 350 μm according to the calculation by a simplified mathematical model.     

Reactivity investigation on biomass chemical looping conversion for syngas production

Chemical looping gasification (CLG) is regarded as an innovative and promising technology for producing syngas. In this work, CLG of straw was conducted in a fixed bed reactor with Fe₂O₃ as the oxygen carrier, whose results led to conclusions that Fe₂O₃, the oxygen carrier, proved advantageous to the secondary gasification reaction and the formation of CO and CO₂. It was also found that CO was further oxidized to CO₂ at high Fe₂O₃/C molar ratio, which resulted in a decreased gasification efficiency and low heat value of syngas. Therefore, a conclusion was drawn that the most optimized Fe₂O₃/C molar ratio was 0.2. In addition, the alkali metals in the biomass evaporated as chlorine salts into gas phase and retained as alkali metal oxide at high temperature, resulting in coking, slagging and heating surface corrosion. In the mean time, the oxygen carrier mainly converted to Fe and sintering phenomenon was serious at high temperature despite the fact that high temperature promoted gas yield, carbon conversion efficiency and gasification efficiency. Therefore, the most optimized temperature was set to 800 °C in order to maximize gas yield and gasification efficiency.     

用于燃气调峰和轻烃回收的管道天然气液化流程

管道天然气的长途输送一般都采用高压管输的方式，高压天然气经各地的调压站降压后才能供应给普通用户使用，调压过程中会有大量的压力能损失。为解决城市燃气用户特有的用气不均匀性问题，介绍了一种利用高压天然气调压过程的压力能膨胀制冷的管道天然气液化流程。应用该流程可以将管道里的一部分天然气液化制成LNG并储存起来，在用气高峰时将储存的LNG再汽化以增加供气量，满足下游用户的需求。这样能够增强燃气企业的“调峰”能力，有利于天然气管网的平稳运行。同时，利用该流程还可以回收天然气中的轻烃资源，为石化工业提供优质的化工原料。     

Catalytic activity of char produced from brown coal for steam-gasification of bitumen oil

There are several kinds of catalyst for tar reduction such as Ni-based catalysts, alkali catalysts, metal catalysts, and char. Char is a nonmetallic material which be generated by the devolatilization of organic materials. In this article, by using an experimental setup we tried to study the effect of char particles as a catalyst on the tar concentration and produced gas from steam gasification of bitumen oil and to introduce effective parameters in the process of syngas generation. With the increase of gasification temperature from 800 to 950°C, the hydrogen increased sharply from 28.4 vol% to 34.9 vol% and 18.5 vol% to 21.3 vol%, while CO decreased from 12.5 vol% to 14.9 vol% and 14.8 vol% to 18.1 vol% for gasification with and without char, respectively. As a result, it was found that the gas produced is not sensitive to the pressure changes.     

煤粉燃烧中NO_x的预测:模型开发及Fluent实现

开发了新的煤粉燃烧NO_x预测模型,模型考虑了热力型,快速型和燃料型NO_x的生成以及已生成NO_x的异相,均相还原。通过不同煤种的大量热解实验建立了燃料N在挥发分,焦炭中分配比例的经验公式。为解决欠氧还原区NO_x均相还原的定量描述问题,提出以CO,H_2浓度来间接表征气相碳氢化合物含量的方法。利用Fluent提供的用户自定义函数(UDF)接口,加入焦炭与CO_2,H_2O的气化反应,准确计算CO,H_2在燃烧全过程的衍化规律。编写程序将NO_x模型以UDF的形式嵌入Fluent中,实现新的NO_x模型与先进湍流,辐射换热模型的耦合计算。与原有模型相比,新的NO_x预测模型可以自适应不同燃烧条件(常规燃烧,空气分级燃烧)下NO_x迥异的生成与还原特点,从而有助于评判不同结构设计,运行条件对NO_x排放的影响。     

面向21世纪的煤化工

介绍了煤化工的现状及发展概况,展望了它的发展趋势。并根据我国的现状提出了一些建议。     

不同气氛下褐煤气化特性实验研究进展——新型反应器

丝网、一段或二段式固定床-流化床、燃烧-气化双床及套管反应器等是为褐煤气化过程中某些气化特性(如负压快速热解等)而开发的新型反应器。针对这些新型反应器及其对褐煤气化的研究结果进行总结,分析和讨论了负压快速热解(10000℃/s)特点、半焦与挥发分相互作用、碱金属和碱土金属(AAEMs)的催化作用及粒径对气化影响的双面性(促进/抑制作用)等方面的研究进展。分析认为:挥发分与半焦相互作用对气化过程具有抑制作用,主要由于挥发分重整产生的自由基促使半焦结构缩合,芳香度增大,反应性降低;如何将该抑制作用最小化,是开发新型流化床反应器的切入点;只有吸附在焦炭颗粒表面的高活性的AAEMs可以与半焦官能团等发生离子交换,改变碳颗粒表面的电荷分布,形成活性位,才具有催化作用;然而,煤灰中AAEMs在气化过程中演变复杂,如何将其分解开来,在接近真实气化条件下研究AAEMs的催化作用值得关注;粒径对褐煤气化的影响具有双面性,可以从反应速控步、颗粒孔隙特征及表面化学结构(如官能团等)等方面进行深入研究。     

林业资源热解气化供热发电产业发展趋势与战略对策

生物质热解气化供热发电是林业资源加工剩余物高效综合利用产业。我国林业加工废弃物可利用量约为2.1亿吨/年,利用可再生林业资源供热和发电,有助于改善我国能源结构,增强能源安全保障,提升我国节能减排水平,推动社会主义新农村建设,促进林业可持续发展。针对目前林业资源气化供热发电产业发展过程中普遍存在的原料收储运存在瓶颈、生产过程自动化和智能化水平不高、标准化生产技术不成熟、高值化和综合利用技术缺乏等问题,建议加强林业特色资源林基地建设、创新分布式产业发展模式、突破卡脖子技术难题、严格市场准入审批、加强政府管理和行业规范、加大政策扶持力度,力争建立原料供应稳定、高品质燃气绿色制造和生物炭高效应用的一体化产业体系,到2035年气化产业年利用林业剩余物超过500万吨标准煤,总产值达100亿元/年。