The Association of Cholesterol Uptake and Synthesis with Histology and Genotype in Cortisol-Producing Adenoma (CPA)

Cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA) is composed of clear and compact cells. Clear cells are lipid abundant, and compact ones lipid poor but associated with higher production of steroid hormones. PRKACA mutation (PRKACA mt) in CPA patients was reported to be associated with more pronounced clinical manifestation of Cushing’s syndrome. In this study, we examined the association of histological features and genotypes with cholesterol uptake receptors and synthetic enzymes in 40 CPA cases, and with the quantitative results obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in 33 cases to explore their biological and clinical significance. Both cholesterol uptake receptors and synthetic enzymes were more abundant in compact cells. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that the percentage of compact cells was inversely correlated with the concentrations of cholesterol and cholesterol esters, and positively with the activity of cholesterol biosynthesis from cholesterol esters. In addition, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which catalyzes cholesterol biosynthesis from cholesterol esters, tended to be more abundant in compact cells of PRKACA mt CPAs. These results demonstrated that both cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis were more pronounced in compact cells in CPA. In addition, more pronounced HSL expression in compact cells of PRKACA mt CPA could contribute to their more pronounced clinical manifestation.     

Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources

The present study was carried out to assess levels of different heavy metals like iron, manganese, copper and zinc, in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. The results indicated a substantial build-up of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with wastewater. The range of various metals in wastewater-irrigated plants was 116–378, 12–69, 5.2–16.8 and 22–46 mg/kg for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), respectively. The highest mean levels of Fe and Mn were detected in mint and spinach, whereas the levels of Cu and Zn were highest in carrot. The present study highlights that both adults and children consuming vegetables grown in wastewater-irrigated soils ingest significant amount of these metals. However, the values of these metals were below the recommended maximum tolerable levels proposed by the [Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1999). Summary and conclusions. In 53rd Meeting, Rome, June 1–10, 1999]. However, the regular monitoring of levels of these metals from effluents and sewage, in vegetables and in other food materials is essential to prevent excessive build-up of these metals in the food chain.     

反应条件对葡萄糖-甘氨酸模拟美拉德反应体系中α-二羰基化合物生成的影响

采用邻苯二胺（OPD）衍生和HPLC定性定量考察了反应条件（温度、p H、时间和底物浓度比）对葡萄糖-甘氨酸模拟美拉德反应体系中三种α-二羰基化合物3-葡萄糖醛酮（3-DG）、乙二醛（GO）和丙酮醛（MGO）生成的影响。结果表明:在80¹40℃范围内温度的升高会促进体系中MGO和GO的生成,而3-DG在温度达到110℃时达到峰值,随后则开始下降。p H在5⁹范围内对三种物质的影响趋势和温度类似,MGO和GO的生成随p H的升高而不断增加,而3-DG在p H为6时含量达到最高,随后急剧降低。3-DG和GO生成的速率随着时间的延长逐渐降低,而在2 h内MGO的生成速率则趋于恒定。葡萄糖的相对含量升高有利于3-DG的生成,而当甘氨酸的相对含量较高时则会促进MGO和GO的生成。本研究能够为美拉德反应中以α-二羰基化合物为中间产物的风味物质的生成机制研究提供一定的实验依据。      

2021年上半年我国食糖市场形势分析与后市展望

目的：探究食糖与L-阿拉伯糖复配后对C57BL/6N小鼠血糖的影响,为开发低血糖生成指数食物提供理论参考。方法：通过灌胃方式给予小鼠复配糖糖水,并以葡萄糖为参考食物,以二甲双胍为阳性对照品分别灌胃,在给糖（药）后的0、15、30、60、120 min时测量小鼠血糖值,通过曲线下面积增幅（Increamental area under the curve,IAUC）、血糖峰值、血糖生成指数（Glycemic index,GI）等指标评价复配糖对小鼠血糖的影响。结果：与葡萄糖组相比,白砂糖或红糖与L-阿拉伯糖复配后均可显著降低IAUC值（P<0.05）、血糖峰值（P<0.05）,在相同可利用碳水化合物的水平下,由于红糖中脂肪、蛋白质、水分、灰分、钾、镁、锌、铬、磷、碘以及总多酚、总黄酮等含量均显著高于白砂糖（P<0.05）,白砂糖复配糖在C57BL/6N小鼠中的GI值为52,红糖复配糖在C57BL/6N小鼠中的GI值为42。结论：L-阿拉伯糖与白砂糖或红糖复配后均可有效控制小鼠血糖升高、减缓血糖波动。小鼠血糖变化规律与人类非常接近,推测白砂糖复配糖和红糖复配糖具有成为低GI食品的潜力。红糖中富含的铬、锌、镁、磷、碘和多酚、黄酮类物质可能起到辅助降血糖的作用。     

葡萄糖和没食子酸与Cr(Ⅵ)氧化还原反应动力学特性比较研究

水解类植物多酚单宁酸水解后可产生葡萄糖及没食子酸 ,其水解产物葡萄糖和没食子酸 ,在一定条件下能与Cr(Ⅵ )发生氧化还原反应 ,可用于制备铬鞣剂。用光谱法模拟研究了单宁酸水解物葡萄糖和没食子酸与Cr(Ⅵ )反应发生的条件、影响其反应速率的主要因素及动力学特征 ,结果表明 :葡萄糖与Cr(Ⅵ )氧化还原反应的温度保持在 1 0 0℃ (微沸 ) ,而且当反应时间到达 3 0min以上时 ,才能达到平衡 ;Cr(Ⅵ )的浓度较酸度变化更明显地影响反应速率 ;没食子酸的反应活性较葡萄糖的反应活性高得多 ,在常温下也能较快进行 ,温度在45℃ ,反应在 5min左右可达平衡 ,还原产物主要为有机小分子酸类物质。     

Studies on the uptake of glucose derivatives by red blood cells

Erythrocytes express the same glucose transporter (GLUT-1) as is present in the blood-brain barrier. With the aim of testing the viability of using this transport system to deliver glucosyl drug derivatives to the brain, the uptake of several dopamine-glucose conjugates and a few structurally related analogues by erythrocytes was studied with HPLC and (1)H MAS NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that slight structural changes determine the uptake of glycoconjugates by red blood cells. However, experiments in the presence of glucose transport inhibitors showed that none of the conjugates that efficiently crossed the cell membrane were transported by GLUT-1.     

Phosphorus supplying capacity of heavily fertilized soils II. Dry matter yield of successive crops and phosphorus uptake at different temperatures

Nine heavily fertilized soils were collected from southern and central Norway. A greenhouse experiment in the phytotron was conducted to evaluate the P supplying capacities of these soils at different temperatures (9, 12 and 18 °C). The crops were grown in succession and the sequence was oat, rye grass (cut twice), oat, rape and oat. Effect of temperature on dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake was more marked up to the fourth crop but the effect varied among crops. The DM yields of oat and rape increased with increasing temperature but the opposite was the case with rye grass. The yield differences among soils at 12 °C were highly significant (p < 0.01) in contrast to 9 and 18 °C. The amount of P taken up by plants in these soils was highest at 18. °C. The P supplying capacity was highest in the soils with higher content of organic P. Generally, the soils of very fine and coarse texture classes failed to supply enough P to crops to avoid P deficiency in the successive crops. Soil P test (P-NH₄-lactate) values in most of the soils increased with increasing temperatures. The highest temperature effect was seen in the Særheim sand soil. Soil P test extractants P-AL, Bray-1 and Colwell-P were used to determine P in the soil after each harvest and the soil P test values were compared with P uptake by crops. Only the P-AL extractant was significantly correlated to cumulative P removal (CPR) by plants in most of the soils. Regression equation was calculated for each soil. The value of removed P per harvest (RPH) varied from 10.33 to 20.87 mg P kg^–1 soil. Phosphorus drawdown slope was determined for each soil and the number of consecutive harvests necessary to reduce the P-AL value to a normal level (110 mg P kg^–1 soil) was calculated. The drawdown slope varied widely (1.257–2.801) and this reflected the P buffer capacity and the number of crops required to lower the soil test P value to a normal level. The highest drawdown slope was found in the soils with higher P supplying capacities. The Bray-1 extractant was significantly correlated in the soils with higher buffer capacity but the Colwell-P method did not show significant correlation in any of the soils.     

Sinomenine Hydrochloride Promotes TSHR-Dependent Redifferentiation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Radioactive iodine (RAI) plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The curative effects of RAI therapy are not only related to radiosensitivity but also closely related to the accumulation of radionuclides in the lesion in PTC. Sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) can suppress tumor growth and increase radiosensitivity in several tumor cells, including PTC. The aim of this research was to investigate the therapeutic potential of SH on PTC cell redifferentiation. In this study, we treated BCPAP and TPC-1 cells with SH and tested the expression of thyroid differentiation-related genes. RAI uptake caused by SH-pretreatment was also evaluated. The results indicate that 4 mM SH significantly inhibited proliferation and increased the expression of the thyroid iodine-handling gene compared with the control group (p < 0.005), including the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). Furthermore, SH also upregulated the membrane localization of NIS and RAI uptake. We further verified that upregulation of NIS was associated with the activation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway. In conclusion, SH can inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, promote redifferentiation, and then increase the efficacy of RAI therapy in PTC cells. Thus, our results suggest that SH could be useful as an adjuvant therapy in combination with RAI therapy in PTC.     

富金花茯茶水提物对四氧嘧啶诱导糖尿病小鼠的降血糖功效研究

研究富金花茯茶水提物对四氧嘧啶诱导糖尿病小鼠的降血糖功效.采用四氧嘧啶诱发糖尿病小鼠,随机分为模型组、阳性药组、富金花茯茶低剂量组、富金花茯茶高剂量组、黑毛茶低剂量组、黑毛茶高剂量组6个组,另选10只健康小鼠作为空白组.每4 d记录小鼠体重及进食量,每6 d断尾检测空腹血糖值.末次灌胃后禁食16 h,断尾检测空腹血糖值;并摘眼球取血,离心取上清按照试剂盒方法测定血清中TC、TG、HDL、LDL含量.结果表明,富金花茯茶、黑毛茶水提取均能缓解糖尿病小鼠消瘦和多食多尿的症状.富金花茯茶与黑毛茶均能有效降低糖尿病小鼠血糖值（P〈0.05）,其中富金花茯茶高剂量组小鼠血糖值明显低于黑毛茶高剂量组（P〈0.05）;且两组提取物均能降低小鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL浓度,对LDL和肝体比基本无影响.综上所述,富金花茯茶的降糖功效要明显优于原料黑毛茶.