Ex Vivo Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibiting Effects of a Novel Galantamine–Curcumin Hybrid on Scopolamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice

Oxidative stress is an essential factor in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). An excessive amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces the peroxidation of lipid membranes, reduces the activity of antioxidant enzymes and causes neurotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory potential of a novel galantamine–curcumin hybrid, named 4b, administered orally in two doses (2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) in scopolamine (SC)-induced neurotoxicity in mice. To evaluate the effects of 4b, we used galantamine (GAL) (3 mg/kg) and curcumin (CCN) (25 mg/kg) as positive controls. Ex vivo experiments on mouse brains showed that the higher dose of 4b (5 mg/kg) increased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels by 46%, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by 57%, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity by 108%, compared with the SC-treated group. At the same time, 4b (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced the brain malondialdehyde (MDA) level by 31% and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities by 40% and 30%, respectively, relative to the SC-impaired group. The results showed that 4b acted as an antioxidant agent and brain protector, making it promising for further experimental research in the field of neurodegenerative diseases.     

The Role of the Glutathione System in Stress Adaptation,Morphogenesis and Virulence of Pathogenic Fungi

Morphogenesis and stress adaptation are key attributes that allow fungal pathogens to thrive and infect human hosts. During infection, many fungal pathogens undergo morphological changes, and this ability is highly linked to virulence. Furthermore, pathogenic fungi have developed multiple antioxidant defenses to cope with the host-derived oxidative stress produced by phagocytes. Glutathione is a major antioxidant that can prevent cellular damage caused by various oxidative stressors. While the role of glutathione in stress detoxification is known, studies of the glutathione system in fungal morphological switching and virulence are lacking. This review explores the role of glutathione metabolism in fungal adaptation to stress, morphogenesis, and virulence. Our comprehensive analysis of the fungal glutathione metabolism reveals that the role of glutathione extends beyond stressful conditions. Collectively, glutathione and glutathione-related proteins are necessary for vitality, cellular development and pathogenesis.     

辣根过氧化酶在纳米银修饰玻碳电极上的直接电化学研究1

通过自组装依次将纳米银粒子和辣根过氧化酶(HRP)固定到巯基乙胺(Cys)修饰的玻碳电极上,制备了HRP/Ag/Cys膜修饰电极.用交流阻抗技术表征了电极的自组装过程.用循环伏安法和计时电流法考察了HRP与电极之间的直接电化学行为及酶对过氧化氢电催化特性.电极响应对过氧化氢有良好的电催化还原性质,性能稳定,响应时间小于5 s.有望应用于制备第三代生物传感器     

Slc25a39 and Slc25a40 Expression in Mice with Bile Duct Ligation or Lipopolysaccharide Treatment

SLC25A39/40, involved in mitochondrial GSH (mGSH) import from the cytoplasm, is essential for protection against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We examined the effects of cholestasis, through bile duct ligation (BDL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mice, on Slc25a39/40 expression. Additionally, we used human clear cell renal carcinoma (KMRC-1) cells to elucidate the mechanism of regulation of SLC25A39/40 expression in the kidneys after LPS treatment. BDL resulted in a decrease in Slc25a39 mRNA in the liver and a decrease in Slc25a39/40 mRNA and protein in the kidneys. Consequently, there was a significant decrease in mGSH levels in the kidneys of BDL mice compared with those in sham mice. LPS treatment resulted in increased Slc25a40 expression in the kidneys. In KMRC-1 cells, the combination treatment of LPS-RS or FPS-ZM1 with LPS suppressed the LPS-induced increase in SLC25A40, suggesting that SLC25A40 expression could be regulated by the signaling pathway via toll-like receptor 4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products, respectively. Our findings contribute to understanding the role of mGSH in the maintenance of the mitochondrial redox state. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the changes in Slc25a39/40 expression in mice with cholestasis-associated renal injury and LPS-induced inflammation.     

响应面法优化藜麦种皮过氧化物酶固定化条件

以从藜麦种皮中提取的过氧化物酶为原材料,利用0.2%聚乙烯醇-3%海藻酸钠（PVA-CA）为载体,Ca Cl2溶液作固定剂,采用包埋法对藜麦种皮过氧化物酶进行固定。在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面分析法对藜麦种皮过氧化酶固定化的影响因素进行了优化。优化后得到的最佳固定化条件如下:氯化钙浓度为7%,固定化时间为26 min,载体与酶液的比例为1.25∶1（m L/m L）,在此条件下实际测得固定化酶的活性为416.5 U。实测值与理论值（417.4U）相差较小,充分验证了所建模型的可靠性。      

预浸泡对桃金娘果汁中抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的影响

本研究将桃金娘整果分别浸泡在不同温度的水、盐酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸和亚硫酸氢钠溶液中10、20、30 min,分析不同处理对桃金娘果汁中总多酚、总花青素、总黄酮和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,在40⁶0℃水中浸泡,桃金娘果汁中总多酚、总花青素、总黄酮含量和抗氧化活性显著降低,然而在80℃热水和1%盐酸中预浸泡可保持或增加抗氧化物含量。柠檬酸、抗坏血酸或NaHSO₃溶液能降低抗氧化物质的损失程度。同时研究了桃金娘中多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化酶（POD）在不同pH和温度下的稳定性。温度达到100℃、pH小于2时PPO和POD活性才被完全抑制。因此不同的预浸泡方式影响桃金娘果汁PPO和POD的酶活,而抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的稳定性与PPO和POD的活性负相关。      

谷胱甘肽添加对贮藏猕猴桃酒香气成分的影响

在以徐香猕猴桃为原料酿造得到的猕猴桃酒中,分别添加25 mg/L和50 mg/L的谷胱甘肽,以不添加谷胱甘肽的猕猴桃酒为对照组,4℃条件下密封贮藏6个月后取样测定各样品的香气成分,分析贮藏后猕猴桃酒香气成分的变化以及添加谷胱甘肽对贮藏猕猴桃酒香气成分的影响。采用顶空固相微萃取（SPME）法进行猕猴桃酒香气成分提取,通过气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）进行猕猴桃酒香气成分分析。结果表明:从猕猴桃酒中共检测出42种香气成分,主要包括醇类、酯类、酸类以及萜烯类和C₁₃-降异戊二烯衍生物。贮藏6个月后猕猴桃各类香气总量均产生逸散,然而与贮藏后的对照组样品相比,谷胱甘肽添加处理的猕猴桃酒特征香气保持效果更好,香气物质总量更高,25 mg/L和50 mg/L的谷胱甘肽的添加分别可以降低6.68%和46.24%的香气损失,说明谷胱甘肽在猕猴桃酒贮藏阶段的添加更有益于猕猴桃酒的贮藏。      

Directed Evolution of Phi Class Glutathione Transferases Involved in Multiple-Herbicide Resistance of Grass Weeds and Crops

The extensive application of herbicides in crop cultivation has indisputably led to the emergence of weed populations characterized by multiple herbicide resistance (MHR). This phenomenon is associated with the enhanced metabolism and detoxifying ability of endogenous enzymes, such as phi class glutathione transferases (GSTFs). In the present work, a library of mutant GSTFs was created by in vitro directed evolution via DNA shuffling. Selected gstf genes from the weeds Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium rigidum, and the cereal crops Triticum durum and Hordeum vulgare were recombined to forge a library of novel chimeric GSTFs. The library was activity screened and the best-performing enzyme variants were purified and characterized. The work allowed the identification of enzyme variants that exhibit an eight-fold improvement in their catalytic efficiency, higher thermal stability (8.3 °C) and three-times higher inhibition sensitivity towards the herbicide butachlor. The crystal structures of the best-performing enzyme variants were determined by X-ray crystallography. Structural analysis allowed the identification of specific structural elements that are responsible for k_cat regulation, thermal stability and inhibition potency. These improved novel enzymes hold the potential for utilization in biocatalysis and green biotechnology applications. The results of the present work contribute significantly to our knowledge of the structure and function of phi class plant GSTs and shed light on their involvement in the mechanisms of MHR.     

啤酒生产过程中氧化还原酶系的研究

啤酒生产过程中的氧化还原酶与啤酒风味陈化紧密相关。低水分下，其耐温活性远高于其它几种酶，在麦芽中酶活升高比例最大（与大麦中的酶活相比），其在糖化过程中氧化多酚的能力远大于多酚氧化酶。糖化过程中迅速失活，而脂肪酸氧化酶在糖化起始的低温阶段仍有部分酶活，影响不饱和脂肪酸的氧化。焙燥过程中适当延长50～70℃温度段时间，可有效降低麦芽中氧化还原酶的酶活。结合这些酶的性质，从部分抑制它们的活性角度出发，在糖化过程中，于50～60℃进行隔氧处理，可经济、有效的减少影响风味氧化的前驱物质的含量。同一质量等级不同品种的麦芽的氧化还原酶系差别相当大，相应制得的麦汁中与风味氧化有关的物质含量也有较大差别，这可能是造成不同批次原料酿造的成品啤酒风味保鲜期不稳定的原因之一。     

调制过程中白肋烟某些衰老指标及色素含量的变化

研究了白肋烟晾制过程中某些衰老指标的变化,实验结果表明,晾制过程中谷胱甘肽含量先下降、然后缓慢上升;丙二醛前期缓慢增加,在84～132 h急剧上升,达到高峰后又缓慢下降;抗坏血酸含量先上升达到一高峰又急剧下降,并且抗坏血酸与抗坏血酸氧化酶呈现出相似的变化规律,叶绿素在前期下降较快而后趋于稳定的水平,类胡萝卜素变化一直比较缓慢.