SiC陶瓷高温真空电阻炉的试验研究

SiC工程陶瓷是一种新型高性能材料。本文介绍了SiC陶瓷烧结用的高温真空电阻炉的结构及优化的电气控制系统，并进行了高温烧成试验。该炉采用高纯石墨发热体，运行中采用低真空和充入氩气保护（未达到高温前），以减少石墨发热体的蒸发。采用阶梯式升温。试验结果表明，该设备可稳定运行在2500℃，短时可达2800℃性能良好。发热体使用寿命长。     

Research on graphite powders used for HTR-PM fuel elements

Different batches of natural graphite powders and electrographite powders were characterized by impurity, degree of graphitization, particle size distribution, specific surface area, and shape characteristics. The graphite balls consist of proper mix-ratio of natural graphite, electrographite and phenolic resin were manufactured and characterized by thermal conductivity, anisotropy of thermal expansion, crush strength, and drop strength. Results show that some types of graphite powders possess very high purity, degree of graphitization, and sound size distribution and apparent density, which can serve for matrix graphite of HTR-PM. The graphite balls manufactured with reasonable mix-ratio of graphite powders and process method show very good properties. It is indicated that the properties of graphite balls can meet the design criterion of HTR-PM. We can provide a powerful candidate material for the future manufacture of HTR-PM fuel elements.     

Laser-assisted machining of compacted graphite iron

Compacted graphite iron (CGI) is a material currently under study for the new generation of engines, including blocks, cylinder liners, and cylinder heads. Its unique graphite structure yields desirable high strength, but makes it difficult to machine, thus resulting in a machining cost. Laser-assisted machining (LAM) is adopted to improve its machinability and hence machining economics. The machinability of CGI is studied by varying depth of cut, feed, and material removal temperature and then evaluating resultant cutting forces, specific cutting energy, surface roughness, and tool wear. At a material removal temperature of 400 °C and a feed of 0.150 mm/rev at a cutting speed of 1.7 m/s, it is shown that tool life is 60% greater than conventional conditions at a feed of 0.100 mm/rev. Surface roughness is improved 5% as compared to conventional machining at a feed of 0.150 mm/rev. CGI microstructure evaluated post machining by sectioning and polishing shows no change. An economic analysis shows that LAM can offer an approximately 20% cost savings for the machining of an engine cylinder liner.     

A COMPLEX-TYPE FOCUSSED MAGNETRON FOR SPUTTERING

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Molecular Adsorption-Induced Interfacial Solvation Regulation to Stabilize Graphite Anode in Ethylene Carbonate-Free Electrolytes

Many organic solvents have excellent solution properties, but fail to serve as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) electrolyte solvents, due to their electrochemical incompatibility with graphite anodes. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to address this issue by introducing a surface-adsorbed molecular layer to regulate the interfacial solvation structure without the alteration of electrolyte composition and properties. As a proof-of-concept study, it is demonstrated for the first time that the intrinsically incompatible propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte becomes completely compatible with graphite anodes by introducing a layer of adsorbed hexafluorobenzene (HFB) molecules to weaken the Li⁺-PC coordination strength and facilitate the interfacial desolvation process. As a consequence, the graphite/ NCM811 pouch cells using the PC-based electrolyte containing only 1 vol.% HFB demonstrate excellent long-term cycling stabilities over 1150 cycles. This strategy is also proved to be applicable to other ethylene carbonate (EC)–free electrolytes, thus providing a new avenue for developing advanced LIB electrolytes.     

A Materials Perspective on Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Principles,Challenges and Opportunities

As the dominant means of energy storage technology today, the widespread deployment of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) would inevitably generate countless spent batteries at their end of life. From the perspectives of environmental protection and resource sustainability, recycling is a necessary strategy to manage end-of-life LIBs. Compared with traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods, the emerging direct recycling technology, rejuvenating spent electrode materials via a non-destructive way, has attracted rising attention due to its energy efficient processes along with increased economic return and reduced CO₂ footprint. This review investigates the state-of-the-art direct recycling technologies based on effective relithiation through solid-state, aqueous, eutectic solution and ionic liquid mediums and thoroughly discusses the underlying regeneration mechanism of each method regarding different battery chemistries. It is concluded that direct regeneration can be a more energy-efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable way to recycle spent LIBs compared with traditional approaches. Additionally, it is also identified that the direct recycling technology is still in its infancy with several fundamental and technological hurdles such as efficient separation, binder removal and electrolyte recovery. In addressing these remaining challenges, this review proposes an outlook on potential technical avenues to accelerate the development of direct recycling toward industrial applications.     

Electrochemical stripping features of graphite and its products characterization

A stable dispersion in mixed solvent of water and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) of graphene was synthesized by one-step electrochemical approach. Here we demonstrate about electrochemical stripping graphite to prepare graphene influence by different electrolytes. The physical and chemical properties of the stripping product had been characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) . The characteristic results of XRD showed that it could improve the efficiency of graphite stripping when H₂SO₄ was used as electrolyte mother liquid and amount of HNO₃ was doped in electrolyte; XPS and FTIR results indicate that the electrochemical stripping products preserve the intrinsic structure of graphene. The results of SEM and TEM shown that the surface morphology of the as-prepared graphene was folded lamellar structure and have good transparency;its thickness varies from 0.8 nm to a few nanometers.     

基于微波膨胀法制备石墨蠕虫的工艺

制备品质优良的石墨蠕虫是石墨烯工业化的研究热点。采用微波膨胀法对可膨胀石墨进行剥离,成功制备得到石墨蠕虫。比较了高温加热法、普通微波设备法、专用微波设备法这三种方法制备石墨蠕虫的效果,结果表明,专用微波设备法制备的石墨蠕虫品质最好,1g可膨胀石墨制备的石墨蠕虫体积可达333mL,比表面积可达280m~2/g。与高温加热法相比,微波膨胀法具有制备速度快、蠕虫品质好、过程节能等优点,是一种大批量生产石墨蠕虫切实可行的方案。     

石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合石墨纤维的结构与性能

采用干湿法纺丝工艺制备氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合纤维,然后将复合纤维进行炭化和石墨化处理得到石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合碳纤维及石墨纤维。对复合碳纤维进行热重分析、Raman、力学性能、传导性能、形貌等测试分析。结果表明,氧化石墨烯添加量为0.3%(质量分数,下同)的复合纤维的耐热性能最佳;氧化石墨烯的加入,使石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合碳纤维的力学性能和传导性能明显提高,石墨化程度增加。当复合碳纤维2800℃石墨化后,氧化石墨烯含量增加到2.0%时,复合石墨纤维的热导率达到435.57 W·m-1·K-1,结构更加致密。     

月桂酸/膨胀珍珠岩复合相变材料的制备与热性能研究

以月桂酸为相变材料,膨胀珍珠岩为载质,利用真空吸附法制备出月桂酸/膨胀珍珠岩复合相变材料(LA/EP-PCMs)。通过FT-IR、SEM、DSC、TGA对LA/EP-PCMs的微观结构、相变温度、相变潜热、热稳定性进行表征。结果表明:月桂酸能较好地吸附在膨胀珍珠岩孔隙内,它们之间的化学相容性良好。LA/EP-PCMs中月桂酸饱和含量为65%,此时其相变温度为41.3℃,热焓为110.1J/g。将5%的纳米石墨纤维(NGF)作为添加剂加入到LA/EP-PCMs中,其导热系数由0.09 W/(m·K)提高到0.16 W/(m·K),增长了77.7%。熔融凝固实验表明:掺入NGF将改善复合相变材料的蓄放热能力,其强化导热机理是在相变基体外表面和内部形成了导热网络。