稀土添加剂在镀硬铬中的应用

介绍了标准镀铬液中加入稀土添加剂进行低铬酸镀硬铬工艺及应用生产情况,以及取得的经济效益。     

高铬铸铁-铸钢锤头的镶铸工艺

分别采用ZG270-500和高铬铸铁作为锤柄和端部材质生产镶铸锤头.在强度许可的前提下尽量减小锤柄复合部位体积.采用侧冒口工艺,金属液流经冒口进入型腔,减小冒口及冒口颈尺寸,提高工艺出品率.锤头使用寿命是同等工况下高锰钢锤头的3倍以上.     

基于纳米银修饰电极的电位型铬（Ⅵ）传感器研究

纳米银修饰过的石墨电极在铬酸盐溶液中活化处理后,可制成一种新型的电位型铬传感器。将该传感器用于铬（Ⅵ）的测定,实验结果表明：此传感器对铬（Ⅵ）具有灵敏的电位响应,其线性范围较宽,为1．0×10^-7～1．0×10^-2mol·L^-1,检出限为4×10^-8mol·L^-1。应用于水样中铬（Ⅵ）的测定,结果符合分析要求。     

Recovery of chromium from tannery effluents using a redox–adsorption approach

Adsorption isotherms for sodium and trivalent chromium uptake from aqueous solutions onto Amberlite resin were prepared at 18°C. Adsorption of each cation followed the Langmuir model. The rate of uptake of each cation was found to be film diffusion controlled with sodium showing the most rapid uptake. In aqueous solutions containing both chromium and sodium as the only cationic species, it was found that with increasing initial concentration of sodium, the trivalent chromium uptake on the resin decreased substantially. To overcome this difficulty a four step redox–adsorption system has been developed for the removal of Cr³⁺ from tannery effluents. The first step comprises the oxidation of trivalent chromium to the hexavalent form using selected common oxidising agents. The liquid effluent is then passed through an Amberlite cation-exchange resin in step 2 where the sodium in the waste stream is completely removed. The anionic hexavalent form of chromium (Cr₂O) passes unaltered through the resin along with the waste stream. In the third stage the dichromate is reduced back to the trivalent cationic form which is subsequently removed from the waste stream by a second Amberlite ion-exchange bed in stage 4. Each step in this process is assessed in batch and flow mode using simulated and real tannery effluents.     

钒、铬微合金化对高碳钢微观组织与力学性能的影响

为了开发性能更优的高碳盘条钢,在原有70钢的基础上,以铬、钒微合金化设计开发新钢种,并分析了铬、钒对试验钢的微观组织和力学性能的影响。铬、钒单独微合金化,使索氏体化率增大、片层间距减小、原始奥氏体晶粒细化;与70钢相比,随铬、钒含量的增加,钢的抗拉强度逐渐升高,断口伸长量下降。铬钒复合微合金化对钢中微观组织的改善明显好于单独微合金化;与70钢相比,铬钒复合微合金化钢的强度显著升高,塑性略有降低;与80钢相比,铬钒复合微合金化钢的强度和塑性均较高。     

热反应扩散时间对钒铬共渗层显微形貌及性能的影响

近年来,铬钒共渗层由于具有优良的综合性能被逐渐关注并广泛研究与应用,但已有的报道对其显微形貌尤其是界面结构以及性能的研究较少。采用热反应扩散法对Cr12钢进行铬钒共渗处理,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对渗层的显微结构进行了分析。重点讨论了热反应扩散时间对渗层厚度、显微硬度、物相组成以及膜基结合力的影响;分析了主要元素沿渗层到基体方向的变化趋势和特点。结果表明:随着渗入时间的延长,所得渗层的厚度为2.0~8.2μm,渗层连续、均匀较致密。铬钒共渗层的物相组成主要为VC、Cr7C3和(Cr,Fe)7C3,反应过程中各物相对应的衍射峰强度会发生相应的变化。渗层的显微硬度值为1 683.80HV0.3~1 948.57HV0.3,明显高于空白基体的显微硬度值;划痕测试结果表明铬钒共渗层和基体的界面结合良好,结合力为55~64N。     

Room-Temperature Magnetic Skyrmions and Large Topological Hall Effect in Chromium Telluride Engineered by Self-Intercalation

Room-temperature magnetic skyrmion materials exhibiting robust topological Hall effect (THE) are crucial for novel nano-spintronic devices. However, such skyrmion-hosting materials are rare in nature. In this study, a self-intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide Cr_1+xTe₂ with a layered crystal structure that hosts room-temperature skyrmions and exhibits large THE is reported. By tuning the self-intercalate concentration, a monotonic control of Curie temperature from 169 to 333 K and a magnetic anisotropy transition from out-of-plane to the in-plane configuration are achieved. Based on the intercalation engineering, room-temperature skyrmions are successfully created in Cr_1.53Te₂ with a Curie temperature of 295 K and a relatively weak perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Remarkably, a skyrmion-induced topological Hall resistivity as large as ≈106 nΩ cm is observed at 290 K. Moreover, a sign reversal of THE is also found at low temperatures, which can be ascribed to other topological spin textures having an opposite topological charge to that of the skyrmions. Therefore, chromium telluride can be a new paradigm of the skyrmion material family with promising prospects for future device applications.     

Cr(CO)_n(n=1-5)与C_6 H_6相互作用的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/LANL2DZ基组水平上对(η~x-C_6H_6)Cr(CO)_n(x=1-6;n=1-5)复合物体系的可能构型进行了自由优化及相互作用能的计算,研究了不同羰基数对复合物稳定性、苯和羰基铬相互作用的影响,并对苯和羰基铬相互作用进行了NBO分析。得到以下结论:(1)当n≤3时,苯与Cr(CO)_n以η~6配位;当n≥4时,苯与Cr(CO)_n以η~2配位;(2)最稳定复合物中随羰基数的增加Cr-C_(benzene)平均键长增长,最大二面角H-C-C-H偏离碳环的角度随复合物对称性降低而逐渐增大;(3)当n为奇数时,复合物相互作用主要表现为苯C-C键的π轨道和Cr-CO键的σ反键轨道;当n为偶数时,复合物相互作用主要表现为苯C-C键的π轨道或π~*轨道与Cr的孤对电子轨道;(4)复合物羰基数越多,最稳定复合物的相互作用能数值越大,稳定性越小。     

电镀污泥中铬的去除工艺优化

以某公司的电镀污泥为研究对象,针对污泥中含铬量高的特点,提出了去除铬的处理工艺.根据铬在污泥中存在的状态,采用硫酸作为浸出试剂.通过正交试验,考察了硫酸浓度、浸出时间、反应温度、搅拌速率等对铬去除率的影响,同时也对去除机理进行了探讨.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)显示,电镀污泥中铬的质量分数为22.05%;取此种污泥2g,用10mol/L的硫酸溶解,在固液比(质量分数)为15∶1,搅拌速率为800r/m,待反应90min后,可使污泥中各种形态的铬溶解于硫酸中,从而去除污泥中的铬.此种方法操作简单可行,污泥中铬的去除率可达90%以上.浸出的铬可进一步综合利用,剩余污泥也可安全填埋,有利于减少此类污泥对环境甚至生态系统的危害.     

硫酸盐还原菌处理重金属铬离子废水的实验研究

以静态试验的方式,研究了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理不同浓度的重金属铬离子废水,以及研究了对不同浓度铬离子废水处理不同时间后的各自处理效率,从而得到处理效率最佳的初始铬离子浓度和处理时间。结果表明:当铬(Ⅵ)离子废水初始浓度为50 mg/L到100 mg/L时,SRB菌对铬(Ⅵ)离子废水的处理效率最好,达到99.62%和99.74%;并且较为经济的最佳处理时间为1 h。