响应面法优化碱催化亮斑扁角水虻幼虫虫脂制备生物柴油工艺

为实现亮斑扁角水虻幼虫(Black soldier fly larvae, BSFL)虫脂能源化利用,采用石油醚提取BSFL虫脂,通过碱催化BSFL虫脂甲酯化制备生物柴油。在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面试验设计优化BSFL虫脂合成生物柴油的工艺条件;使用气质联用仪分析生物柴油的脂肪酸组成,并评价生物柴油性能。结果表明：BSFL虫脂合成生物柴油的最优工艺条件为醇油体积比7.2∶1、反应时间2.0 h、KOH添加量为反应体系总质量的1.0%,在此条件下生物柴油产率达93.7%;生物柴油主要脂肪酸组分及含量为C12∶0 12.8%、C14∶0 3.8%、C16∶0 16.2%、C16∶1 1.9%、C18∶0 4.4%、C18∶1 24.2%、C18∶2 26.8%、C18∶3 4.1%;生物柴油运动黏度(40℃) 3.842 5 mm²/s、运动黏度(25℃) 5.311 mm²/s、动力黏度(25℃) 4.640 mPa·s、密度(25℃) 874 kg/m³、密度(15℃) 879 kg/m³、酸...     

产丁烯基多杀菌素菌株的筛选及鉴定

杀虫抗生素因为具有环保、高效的特点,适合粮食储藏过程中病虫害防治的技术要求。为获取新型杀虫抗生素,采集162份不同地区土壤样品,采用多种方法分离出大量放线菌。利用高通量发酵平台及蚊子幼虫生物测定的方法筛选具有杀虫活性的微生物,得到一株放线菌ASAGF58。经16S rDNA测序及构建系统发育树,将其归属为糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)。对其发酵液进行HPLC及LC-MS分析,鉴定得到两个生物活性组分,质荷比分别为758.483 8与772.471 2,与糖多孢菌属须糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora pogona)代谢产物丁烯基多杀菌素相符。获得一株产丁烯基多杀菌素的菌株,为我国高效、绿色杀虫化合物的研发提供技术储备。     

四氯虫酰胺的合成及其杀虫活性

四氯虫酰胺(SYP-9080)是沈阳化工研究院有限公司创制的杀虫剂,对哺乳动物低毒,对鳞翅目害虫防效优异,具有应用前景和开发价值。重点对四氯虫酰胺的合成方法、生物活性等方面进行了简要介绍。四氯虫酰胺以2,3,5-三氯吡啶为起始原料经7步制得,对甜菜夜蛾、小菜蛾、黏虫、二化螟及稻纵卷叶螟等鳞翅目害虫具有优异的防效。     

Insecticidal and repellency activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus sp. against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

BACKGROUND: The objective of this work was to evaluate the insecticidal and repellent effect of essential oils of Eucalyptus dunnii, E. saligna, E. benthamii, E. globulus and E. viminalis in the control of Sitophilus zeamais in maize grains. RESULTS: The essential oils chemical composition showed that the E. benthamii presents the cis‐ocimene (56.88%) as major compound. Results permitted us to verify that the evaluated species presented different insecticidal action under Sitophilus zeamais. About 100% of mortality was achieved with doses of 65, 100 and 400 µL for E. dunnii, E. saligna and E. benthamii, respectively. After regression analysis the LD₅₀ values were calculated and E. dunnii was shown to be the most efficient (25.03 µL), followed by E. saligna (37.93 µL) and E. benthamii (121.09 µL). Using the previously calculated LD₅₀ values, the repellency activity was calculated, allowing us to conclude that all species presented significant values in terms of this important parameter. CONCLUSION: The essential oil of Eucalyptus sp. presented insecticidal and repellency against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Although from an economic point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents, natural products (essential oils) have the potential to provide efficient and safer repellents for humans and the environment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

海泡石在杀虫建筑涂料研制中的应用

以初步预处理的海泡石为载体 ,以灭蝇胺、氯菊酯、避蚊胺为杀虫剂 ,制备了具有杀虫功能的建筑涂料 ,实验表明 ,海泡石是一种优良的杀虫剂吸附载体 ,对提高杀虫效果的耐久性具有很大的意义     

Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of Cinnamomum aromaticum (Nees) essential oil against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

BACKGROUND: Cinnamomum aromaticum is a widely used cooking ingredient in South Asian countries. In this study the essential oil of C. aromaticum was tested against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The objective was to identify the natural compounds with insecticidal properties in the essential oil of C. aromaticum with a view to its potential use as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. RESULTS: The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled bark essential oil of C. aromaticum was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and cis‐cinnamaldehyde (53.90%) was found to be the principal constituent. The surface film and fumigation toxicities and repellency activity against C. maculatus were evaluated. The extracted oil showed 94.44% mortality against adult C. maculatus through the surface film bioassay. The LD₅₀ values were 27.56 and 23.16 µg cm^?2 after 24 and 48 h of exposure respectively. The regression equations were calculated as Y = 0.39 + 3.20X and Y = 1.25 + 2.75X respectively. In the fumigation bioassay the LD₅₀ value was 434.69 µg cm^?2 after 24 h of exposure, with the regression equation Y = 0.87 + 1.57X. It was also found that the extracted oil contained compounds that had a dose‐dependent protective effect on egg hatching and adult emergence. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that the toxicity and insecticidal activity of C. aromaticum are attributable to its essential oil, which could be used as a biodegradable and natural bioprotectant for controlling stored product pests. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of Origanum glandulosum (Desf.) essential oil from Algeria

BACKGROUND: To find natural compounds with insecticidal properties which could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides, oregano essential oil was tested against the insect Rhizopertha dominica devastating stored cereals. RESULTS: Oregano oils were isolated by steam distillation, analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and investigated for their insecticidal activities against Rhizopertha dominica. Contact and fumigant toxicities of global oil and three of its fractions recovered respectively after 2 h and after 0–2.5, 2.5–5 and 5–10 min of extraction were tested using the filter paper method. Eighteen components, representing 92.6% of the oil, were identified. The major components were thymol (38.8%), carvacrol (32.9%), p‐cymene (7.9%) and γ‐terpinene (5.1%). Toxicity tests showed that insect mortality increases with the concentration used (0.39%, 0.78%, 1.56%, 3.12% and 6.24%V). For all concentrations, the contact effect of global oil and fraction F₂ was better than the fumigant effect. Whereas fractions F₁ and F₃ were more toxic by fumigation for concentrations lower or equal to 1.56%, their contact effect was more significant for concentrations higher than 1.56%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that oregano oil has important insecticidal properties and may be useful as a natural grain protectant against Rhizopertha dominica to replace synthetic insecticides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical modification of chitosan: synthesis and biological activity of new heterocyclic chitosan derivatives

BACKGROUND: Numerous works have been published on the chemical modification of chitosan; this polymer is still being modified, leading to various derivatives with improved properties. In the present study, heterocyclic aldehydes including furan‐2‐carbaldehyde, 5‐methylfuran‐2‐carbaldehyde, 3‐pyridine carboxyaldehyde, benzo[d][1,3]dioxole‐5‐carbaldehyde and 4‐oxo‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carbaldehyde were reacted with chitosan by a reductive alkylation reaction to produce for the first time five new N‐heterocyclic chitosan derivatives to improve the biological activity of chitosan against the most important economic plant pests including fungi and insects, in particular the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. RESULTS: The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and the degree of substitution ranged from 0.30 to 0.43. The fungicidal assessment was investigated in vitro using a mycelia radial growth inhibition technique against soil‐borne pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium debaryanum and the rice leaf blast Pyricularia grisea. The results showed that N‐[(5‐methylfuran‐2‐yl)methyl] chitosan was the most active against P. grisea with an EC₅₀ value of 0.919 mg mL^?1 while N‐(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol‐5‐ylmethyl) chitosan and N‐(methyl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one) chitosan exhibited the most potent fungicidal activity against P. debaryanum and F. oxysporum. An insecticidal bioassay against the larvae of S. littoralis showed that N‐(methyl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one) chitosan exhibited a significant growth inhibition and antifeedant activity among the synthesized compounds. CONCLUSION: The chemical modification of chitosan molecule with a heterocyclic moiety led to an enhancement in the biological activity against the plant pathogenic fungi F. oxysporum, P. debaryanum and P. grisea and the cotton leafworm insect S. littoralis. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

2种植物提取物对3种害虫的生物活性

主要对草乌、辣椒提取物对不同试虫的生物活性进行了初步研究。结果表明,草乌根提取物表现出较好的触杀活性,1g·mL-1草乌根提取物对麦二叉蚜和天幕毛虫的校正死亡率分别为78.51%和70.32%。辣椒果实提取物表现出较好的拒食活性,0.0625g·mL-1辣椒果实提取物对小菜蛾的拒食率为94.78%。     

白藓皮对几种害虫的毒杀作用

利用天然植物去创制新型杀虫剂已成为目前农药研究的热点。本文研究发现，太白山区的白藓皮具有良好的杀虫活怀，对蟋蟀，蚱蜢的死亡率达100％，对三龄粘虫的拒食率为87．8％，死亡率为83．3％，这表明白藓皮有望成为新的植物杀虫剂。