Inversion of a radiative transfer model with hyperspectral observations for LAI mapping in poplar plantations

The potential of radiative transfer modelling and inversion techniques for operational uses is investigated in order to retrieve leaf area index in a poplar plantation. The 1-D bidirectional canopy reflectance model SAIL, coupled with the leaf optical properties model PROSPECT, was inverted with hyperspectral airborne DAIS data by means of an iterative method. The root mean square error in LAI estimation was determined against in situ measurements in order to evaluate the impact of different inversion strategies on the LAI retrieval accuracy. These included the selection of an optimal spectral sampling set, the exploitation of prior knowledge in the inversion process and the use of multiview angle data. We claim that the best configuration is achieved by exploiting multiview DAIS data and prior knowledge information about the model variables (RMSE of 0.39 m² m⁻²). It is also shown that the use of prior knowledge and the selection of a limited number of bands forming the optimal spectral sampling are instrumental in increasing the accuracy of the inversion process. Our analysis confirms the operational potential of model inversion for biophysical parameter retrieval.     

Parallelization of a multi-blocked CFD code via three strategies for fluid flow and heat transfer analysis

This paper reports on a parallel implementation of a general 3D multi-block CFD code. The parallelization is achieved by using three strategies. Firstly, it is done on dual-processor PC-clusters where Windows NT systems are running. A multi-thread programming model is adopted for the multi-block code, where one thread corresponds to a block. Shared-memory is used for the exchange of inner-boundaries between neighboring blocks (threads) on the same node, while WinSockets are employed for those on different nodes. Secondly, the parallelization is extended to UNIX operating system. MPI is applied for all the message passing between different processors, including those on the same node. Thirdly, Pthreads (POSIX threads), a standardized application interface for threads, are adopted to take the advantage of the shared-memory feature of the SMP nodes, while MPI is only applied for the message passing between processors on different nodes. In all the strategies, a static load-balancing method is employed for equitable distribution of computational work to specified nodes. The parameters of the present code is studied in detail to facilitate the explanation of the speedup results. Two examples are provided to show the speedup and load balancing of the parallel calculation. Detailed comparison is made to evaluate the efficiency of different strategies.     

Investigation of the Transition State in the Wear of Polyphenylene Sulfide Sliding Against Steel

The effect of sliding variables, including counterface roughness, sliding speed, and contact pressure, on the run-in state of wear and friction was studied. Sliding was performed in the pin-on-disk configuration with a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) pin resting on the flat steel counterface. Some experiments were also run to study the effect of air cooling and heating. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the shape and size of the wear debris, worn pin surface, and the transfer film formed on steel counterfaces. It was found that friction and wear in the run-in state were significantly affected by the sliding variables studied and their influence was closely related to the development of a transfer film during the run-in state. If the transfer film developed during initial sliding, the coefficient of friction increased and wear rate decreased. The wear rate in the run-in state increased with the increase in initial counterface roughness and there was an optimal counterface roughness of 0.06 m Ra for minimum steady state wear rate. A higher applied load led to a higher wear rate in the run-in state but that was not the case with steady state wear rate.     

The friction and wear properties of nanometre SiO2 filled polyetheretherketone

Nanometre SiO₂ filled-polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite blocks with different filler proportions were prepared by compression moulding. Their friction and wear properties were investigated on a block-on-ring machine by running a plain carbon steel (AISI 1045 steel) ring against the composite block. The morphologies of the wear traces and the transfer film were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that nanometre SiO₂ filled-PEEK exhibited considerably lower friction coefficient and wear rate in comparison with pure PEEK. The lowest wear rate was obtained with the composite containing 7.5 wt.% SiO₂. The SEM pictures of the wear traces indicated that with the frictional couple of carbon steel ring/composite block (fillec with 7.5 wt.% filler), a thin, uniform, and tenacious transfer film was formed on the ring surface. It was inferred that the transfer film contributed largely to the decreased friction coefficient and wear rate of the filled PEEK composites.     

换热边界下梯度功能材料板稳态热应力

用有限元和辛普生法研究了由ZrO2和Ti-6Al～4V组成的梯度功能材料板的稳态热应力问题，检验了孔隙度P为零时数值模拟模型的正确性，给出了对流换热边界下的稳态热应力场分布。结果表明：材料组分的分布形状系数M、孔隙度P、对流换热系数和环境介质温度的变化对该材料板的稳态热应力场分布均有明显的影响；在设定条件下，当P=0时，该材料无限自由长板在金属和陶瓷附近板内为压应力，而在板中部为拉应力；当A=3.99时，陶瓷侧拉应力最大。     

电弧波形与气体保护焊熔滴过渡模式关系研究

利用焊接质量分析仪采集气体保护焊焊接过程中瞬时电流和电压波形特征，利用此波形特征能够定性指出熔滴过渡模式，从而实现在线监测和控制金属熔滴的过渡模式，实现良好的焊接工艺参数。     

计及能量互保行为的综合能源园区多时间尺度调度

综合能源园区的运行控制应兼顾多方市场主体利益诉求,针对不同类型园区的供能差异化需求,提出计及用户诉求的日前调度与实时调度相结合的综合能源园区多时间尺度优化调度策略。首先,构建包含智能用电管理单元、电—气耦合联供单元、电动汽车(EV)充电单元和用户电—冷用能调度单元的园区基本架构,并分析市场环境下的园区运行方法;其次,在日前调度中建立以运营商利润和用户评价为目标的园区非合作博弈模型,确定园区能价和用能安排;再次,针对日前购电偏差问题,建立考虑不同类型用户用能诉求的含能量互保行为的实时能量偏差应对模型;最后,以14节点配电网和7节点天然气管网组成的微能源网为场景,对所提模型进行仿真验证,证明所提模型的有效性。结果表明,所提多时间尺度优化调度策略能够提升园区多方市场主体经济效益,以及兼顾用户多样化用能需要的可行性。     

电动汽车动态无线充电系统导轨切换时的脉冲同步控制策略

采用分段导轨控制的电动汽车动态无线充电系统在导轨切换时,会出现系统的输出功率和系统效率骤降,甚至远低于期望值,不能满足系统输出功率要求。文中通过对电动汽车导轨切换过程的暂态分析,计算导轨切换时相邻导轨线圈所在逆变电路的时钟脉冲信号同频同相和同频不同相时,输出功率的变化,得出结论:相邻导轨线圈所在逆变电路的时钟信号相位差是造成导轨切换过程中输出功率和效率骤降的原因。提出了一种电动汽车动态无线充电系统导轨切换时的脉冲同步控制策略,有效地改善了电动汽车动态无线充电系统在导轨切换时输出功率和系统效率骤降以致不能使系统正常运行的情况。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了时钟脉冲信号同步的重要性和该控制策略的有效性。     

GMAW焊接熔滴过渡模型的研究进展

对实芯焊丝GMAW焊接熔滴过渡数值模型的研究进展进行综述,认为主要熔滴过渡模拟理论为SFBT、PIT和VOF理论。通过对SFBT、PIT、VOF三种理论的比较,认为VOF理论在处理复杂的自由边界形态时比其他方法更适合和更有效,与实验结果更吻合。为提高理论计算与实验结果的一致性,指出VOF理论还需考虑金属蒸发产生的蒸气压力等因素的影响。     

Comments on the sliding wear of metals

The author reviews selected experimental results which have contributed to improved understanding of sliding wear processes. The emphasis is on the chemical and structural changes which occur at and near the surface of metallic materials during sliding in different environments. The importance of plastic deformation, fracture, transfer, mechanical mixing, phase transformations and oxidation is discussed. Examples of transitions are described, and interesting correlations noted. In selecting the content of this paper, the author includes controversial results and conclusions and raises questions about the development of wear equations, interpretations of the wear coefficient, the importance of adhesion, the roles of hardness, the causes of transitions and the location of debris-producing cracks.