Pervaporation separation of water‐isopropyl alcohol mixtures with blend membranes of sodium alginate and poly(acrylamide)‐grafted guar gum

The blend membranes of sodium alginate (Na‐Alg) and poly(acrylamide)‐grafted guar gum (PAAm‐g‐GG) in the ratios of 3:1 and 1:1 were prepared and studied for the pervaporation separation of water–isopropyl alcohol mixtures over the entire range of mixture composition at 30°C. Membranes prepared from neat Na‐Alg (M‐1) and the 1:1 blend of Na‐Alg and PAAm‐g‐GG (M‐3) showed the highest separation selectivity for 10 mass % water in the feed mixture, whereas membranes prepared with the 3:1 blend ratio of Na‐Alg to PAAm‐g‐GG showed the highest separation selectivity of 20 mass % water in the feed. Selectivity decreased with increasing amount of water in the feed for all the membranes, but these values show an increase with increasing amount of grafted copolymer in the blend mixture. Flux increased with increasing amount of water in the mixture, but the flux values did not change markedly with the PAAm‐g‐GG content in the blend membrane at the lower mass % water. At higher mass % of water, the flux values of the blends increase systematically with increasing amount of PAAm‐g‐GG in the blend polymer. For the 10 mass %‐containing binary mixtures, the pervaporation separation experiments were performed at 30, 40, and 50°C, and the resulting data were used to calculate the Arrhenius activation parameters. These data indicated activated pore‐type diffusion of the permeants in the membranes. Dynamic sorption studies were also performed on up to 40 mass % water–isopropyl alcohol mixtures at 30°C. These results, when analyzed by the empirical equation, indicated Fickian transport in all the cases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2014–2024, 2002     

Geometrical isomers of linolenic acid in low-calorie spreads marketed in France

The fatty acid compositions of 20 samples of low-calorie spreads marketed in France have been examined by gasliquid chromatography (GLC) of their isopropyl esters on a fused silica capillary column coated with 100% cyanopropyl polysiloxane. Spreads containing linolenic acid at a level of 2.3% or higher (5 out of the 20 samples under study) also containtrans- 18:3 isomers. These were identified, after fractionation of their isopropyl esters by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica-gel plates impregnated with AgNO₃, by GLC on two capillary columns of different polarities and comparison of their equivalent chain lengths with those of authentic standards. Identifications were supported by GLC/mass spectrometry of the dimethyl esters resulting from ozonolysis in BF₃/methanol of the monoenes isolated by AgNO₃-TLC after hydrazine reduction of 18:3 isomers. 9c,12c,15t-18:3 and 9t,12c,15c-18:3 were found to be the most abundant 18:3 isomers in the spreads, with small amounts of 9c,12t,15c-18:3. These isomers occurred in the relative proportions 52–55, 41–42 and 4–6%, respectively. These proportions are independent of the origin of the sample. The tentatively identified 9t,12c,15t-18:3 also occurred in some instances. In 2 of the spreads, total geometrical isomers of linolenic acid accounted for 0.9–1% of the total fatty acids (up to 28% of the total 18:3n-3 fraction). The presence of 18:3n-3 geometrical isomers in the spreads is likely due to rapeseed or soybean oils that were deodorized under rather harsh conditions before these were blended with other fats or oils. Partial hydrogenation of these oils may also contribute to accumulation of the same linolenic acid isomers in the spreads.     

微波辐射活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸催化合成氯乙酸异丙酯

报道了用活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸作催化剂 ,微波辐射法合成氯乙酸异丙酯。当微波辐射功率为 16 0W ,催化剂用量为 2 0 g时 ,反应 4 5min ,氯乙酸异丙酯的收率为 78 3% ,纯度为 99 8%。同时发现在微波辐射下 ,酯化反应速率、收率均明显高于常规加热方式。     

合成氯乙酸异丙酯催化剂的研究进展

评述了对甲苯磺酸、有机磺酸盐、酸性离子液体、氨基磺酸、六水三氯化铁、聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、氯化聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、五水四氯化锡、氯化亚锡、三氯化磷、硫酸铁、复合硫酸铁、十二水合硫酸铁铵、硫酸铝、四水硫酸铈、一水硫酸氢钠、改性片麻岩、固体超强酸、杂多酸和分子筛等催化剂催化合成氯乙酸异丙酯的方法.     

仓储某型云爆弹失效分析与实验研究

云爆弹是新一代轻型系列武器中的面毁伤武器,采用失效树分析方法,确定了仓储某型云爆弹的失效模式,研究了主要失效因素,并通过试验验证了硝酸异丙酯对推进剂的安定性能和燃烧性能以及对电火工品的影响。发现硝酸异丙酯渗漏后会降低推进剂的储存安定性,影响推进剂的燃烧规律并会溶解溶胀电火工品,导致其失封。     

Volume phase transition behavior of N‐isopropyl acrylamide–N‐cyanomethyl acrylamide copolymer gel particles: The effect of crosslinking density

We prepared submicron‐sized N‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPA)–N‐cyanomethyl acrylamide (NCMA) copolymer gel particles by precipitation polymerization. Volume phase transition behaviors of gel particles with various compositions and crosslinking density were observed by using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). The experimental data showed that both the volume transition temperature and the swelling ratio of copolymer gel particles were varied with the mole ratio of NCMA and NIPA. We compared the swelling behaviors of given systems with the thermodynamic model based on the extended Flory–Huggins theory. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1091–1099, 1999     

非催化条件下异丙苯液相过氧化反应动力学

研究了非催化条件下异丙苯(IPB)液相氧化主副反应动力学,包括主要副产物α-甲基苄醇(MBA)和苯乙酮(ACP)生成规律以及重要链终止产物ROOR (DCP)的分解反应路径。基于烃类链式自由基反应机理,建立了包含反应物IPB、主产物过氧化氢异丙苯(IPBHP)、副产物MBA、ACP以及链终止产物DCP的反应动力学模型。动力学模型预测结果与实验数据吻合良好。通过对373～404 K下实验数据的拟合,得到了不同温度下各基元反应速率常数和活化能。模拟计算表明,两个副反应活化能均大于主反应;链终止产物DCP的分解反应通过氧气的参与进行。研究结果可为异丙苯液相氧化工业反应过程的设计和优化提供基础参数,并且有利于深化对烷基芳烃液相氧化反应机理的认识。     

马来酸异丙酯-丙烯酸二元共聚物的合成研究

以马来酸异丙酯(MI)和丙烯酸(AA)为原料,采用活泼单体滴加的方式,通过水溶液自由基共聚合反应制备了MI/AA二元共聚物(PM-AA)。采用FT-IR对产物的结构进行了表征。通过正交实验和单因素实验对影响聚合反应的因素进行了考察和优化。在n(MI)∶n(AA)=1∶2,聚合温度85℃,AA滴加时间为1.5h,聚合时间2h,引发剂过硫酸铵用量为总单体质量的8%时,MI的转化率为76.17%。     

Transdermal Delivery of Tadalafil. I. Effect of Vehicles on Skin Permeation

Transdermal delivery that avoids the presystemic disposition can provide an alternative to oral administration of tadalafil. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to select the best vehicle as the first step in optimization of tadalafil transdermal delivery. The vehicles were used neat or in selected binary combinations and were evaluated for drug solubilization and transdermal delivery. The drug solubility in pure vehicles were ranked as polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 >?propylene glycol (PG) >?ethanol >?ethyl oleate (EO) >?isopropyl myristate (IPM) >?water. The solubility in binary systems containing ethanol at 2:1 ratios with EO or IPM was greater than that obtained with pure ethanol, EO, or IPM. This effect could be due to the cosolvency effect. The transdermal drug delivery from pure vehicles was ranked as IPM >?EO >?ethanol >?PG >?PEG >?water. The delivery from binary mixtures of ethanol with either IPM or EO was higher than that obtained from pure solvents with the delivery increasing with increasing ethanol concentration in the mixtures. The delivery from binary mixtures was synergistic rather than additive. The study thus demonstrated a potential of tadalafil transdermal delivery. Binary combinations of ethanol with either IPM or EO provided the first step forward toward the development of transdermal delivery system for tadalafil.