Construction of functional aliphatic polycarbonates for biomedical applications

Aliphatic polycarbonates are one important kind of biodegradable polymers and have been commonly used as integral components of engineered tissues, medical devices and drug delivery systems. As far as the biomedical application is concerned, traditional aliphatic polycarbonates usually suffer from the strong hydrophobicity, deficient functionality, and insufficient compatibility with cell/organs. Consequently, the application is quite limited in scope. Due to the imparted appealing properties, aliphatic polycarbonates bearing specifically designed functional/reactive groups attract great interest from researchers in the recent years. The present review outlines the development up to date concerning the design and biomedical application of functional aliphatic polycarbonates, with an emphasis on their ring-opening (co)polymerization preparation.     

蛋黄酱的稳定性研究

文章从蛋黄酱乳化液的稳定性、脂类的氧化以及主要风味成分的稳定性三个方面详细介绍了蛋黄酱的稳定性。     

Purification of major glucosinolates from Brassicaceae seeds and preparation of isothiocyanate and amine metabolites

Consumption of Brassica vegetables containing glucosinolates is associated with decreased risk of cancer at several tissue sites. Studies of the relative potency and metabolism of the major dietary isothiocyanates have been hindered by limited availability of high‐purity isothiocyanates and their glucosinolate precursors. We describe a simple procedure for the preparation of glucosinolates sinigrin, gluconapin, progoitrin, glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin and gluconasturtiin from vegetable seeds. Glucosinolates were extracted from the seeds of mustard, oilseed, broccoli, cauliflower and winter cress. Purification by preparative anion exchange and reversed‐phase column chromatography gave the pure glucosinolates. Good separation was achieved without using ion‐pair reagents. Related isothiocyanates and amine degradation products were prepared by myrosinase‐catalysed hydrolysis of the corresponding glucosinolate and by organic synthesis, respectively. The compounds were characterized by analytical HPLC, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. Optimized conditions for detection and quantitation of these glucosinolates and metabolites by LC‐MS/MS are also given. Large‐scale glucosinolate preparation could be performed, giving amounts suitable for pharmacological evaluation in vivo. These methods will facilitate studies of the pharmacological activity and metabolism of dietary glucosinolates. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antimicrobial Effects of Allyl Isothiocyanate and Modified Atmosphere on Pseduomonas Aeruginosa in Fresh Catfish Fillet under Abuse Temperatures

The effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AIT; 18 and 36 μg/L) in vapor phase, modified atmosphere (MA; 49% CO₂, 0.5% O₂, and 50.5% N₂), and their combinations on the growth behavior of Pseduomonas aeruginosa in fresh catfish fillet at different abuse temperatures (8, 15, and 20 °C) were evaluated in this study. Lag phase, maximum growth rate, and shelf life were used as parameters to analyze the antimicrobial effects. Both gaseous AIT and MA alone inhibited the growth potential of P. aeruginosa effectively, prolonging the shelf life by 1.5 to 3.4 times compared to the control at abuse temperatures between 8 and 20 °C. The synergistic effect was observed at 8 °C, extending the shelf life of fresh catfish by more than 6.5 times (≥ 550 h). In addition, the maximum growth rate decreased with decreasing storage temperature, but it was not significantly influenced by the addition of AIT or MA. Hence, the combination of AIT and MA may be used as an effective antimicrobial system to reduce the microbial risks due to temperature abuse and to improve the shelf life of fresh catfish fillet. The proper combination of AIT and MA may be further optimized for industrial applications.     

仓库贮藏品中辣根素残留降解动态研究

建立辣根素在几种仓库贮藏品中的毛细管气相色谱残留分析方法。以二氯甲烷为提取溶剂,毛细管气相色谱- 火焰离子化检测仪(FID)进行测定。当各样品中辣根素的添加量为1、5、25mg/kg 时,平均回收率为70.6%～92.3%、相对标准偏差为3.6%～9.3%,辣根素在各样品中的最低检出量低于0.1mg/kg。辣根素在贮藏品中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期为28～75d,其降解过程主要是酶解、水解、光解;当辣根素施用质量浓度为25mg/L或者100mg/L 时,贮藏112d 后的水稻种子、小麦种子、大米、烟草、红枣、木耳的辣根素残留量分别为11.8、150.7,2.8、77.5,3.3、8.2,5.6、189.2,3.6、26.9,1.2、10.2mg/kg。质量分数20% 辣根素油剂用于熏蒸仓库害虫防治的建议使用质量浓度为25mg/L,熏蒸后的安全间隔期为14d。     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of N-phenylthiocyano-phenylthioformamide-bis （ η5-methylcyclopentadienyl） （tetrahydrofuran） Samarium （Ⅲ）

The insertion reaction of phenyl isothiocyanate into the Ln-S bond was studied. Phenyl isothiocyanate reacted with [(CH3C5H4)2Sm(SPh)(THF)]2 to give the title complex, (CH3C5H4)2Sm[SC(SPh) NPh](THF),in good yield, which was characterized by elemental analyses, IR, ^1H NMR and X-ray structural determination. The crystal structure analysis of complex shows that samarium atom is coordinated by two CH3C5H4 groups, one O atom of THF, and N and S atoms from the SC(SPh)NPh ligand to form a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry.     

Detoxification of isothiocyanate allelochemicals by glutathione transferase in three lepidopterous species

Glutathione transferase activity towards various plant isothiocyanates was studied in larvae of the two generalists, fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)], and cabbage looper [Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)], and the specialist, velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner) using the midgut soluble fraction as enzyme source. The generalists, but not the specialist, are adapted to feeding on isothiocyanate-containing crucifers. Allyl and benzyl isothiocyanate were found to be metabolized by glutathione transferase from the two generalist species, but no activity was detected with the specialist. The transferase activity towards these allelochemicals in the cabbage looper was two- to sixfold higher than that in the fall armyworm. In all instances, activity was induced by various allelochemicals including indole 3-acetonitrile, indole 3-carbinol, flavone, xanthotoxin, and its own substrates. The induction ranged from 1.3- to 10.1-fold depending on the allelochemical, with the fall armyworm being more inducible. The transferase system of fall armyworm also metabolized another analog, 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, but activity can only be observed after induction. Bioassay results showed that these isothiocyanates were all toxic to the lepidopterans, causing acute toxicity in neonates and final-instar larvae. The results suggest that glutathione transferase plays an important role in the detoxification of isothiocyanates and hence food-plant adaptation in phytophagous insects.