Alternative hydrocarbon solvents for cottonseed extraction: Plant trials

Hexane has been used for decades to extract oil from cottonseed and is still the solvent of choice for the edible-oil industry. Due to increased regulations as a result of the 1990 Clean Air Act and potential health risks, the edible-oil extraction industry urgently needs an alternate hydrocarbon solvent to replace hexane. Based on laboratory-scale extraction tests, two hydrocarbon solvents, heptane and isohexane, were recommended as potential replacements for hexane. A cottonseed processing mill with a 270 MT/day (300 tons/day) capacity agreed to test both solvents with their expander-solvent process. Extraction efficiencies of isohexane and heptane, judged by extraction time and residual oil in meal, refined and bleached color of miscella refined oil, and solvent loss, were comparable to that of hexane. However, fewer problems were encountered with the lower-boiling isohexane than with the higher-boiling heptane. With isohexane, the daily throughput increased more than 20%, and natural gas consumption decreased more than 40% as compared to hexane.     

不同地区不同等级复烤烟叶中重要致香物质的分析比较

本文采用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)/气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC/MS)对相同品种、不同地区、不同等级复烤烟叶中的重要致香物质进行分析比较;并且对同时蒸馏萃取法进行重复性和回收率试验。结果表明相同品种、不同地区、不同等级复烤烟叶中重要致香物质的含量差别较大;同时蒸馏萃取法具有良好的重复性和较高的回收率。     

Extraction of Lipids from Municipal Wastewater Plant Microorganisms for Production of Biodiesel

Municipal wastewater treatment plants in the USA produce over 6.2 × 10⁶ t of dried sewage sludge every year. This microorganism-rich sludge is often landfilled or used as fertilizer. Recent restrictions on the use of sewage sludge, however, have resulted in increased disposal problems. Extraction of lipids from sludge yields an untapped source of cheap feedstock for biodiesel production. Solvents used for extraction in this study include n-hexane, methanol, acetone, and supercritical CO₂. The gravimetric yield of oil was low for nonpolar solvents, but use of polar solvents gave a considerably increased yield; however, the percentage of saponifiable material was less. Extraction of lipids with a mixture of n-hexane, methanol, and acetone gave the largest conversion to biodiesel compared with other solvent systems, 4.41% based on total dry weight of sludge. In situ transesterification of dried sludge resulted in a yield of 6.23%. If a 10% dry weight yield of fatty acid methyl esters is assumed, the amount of biodiesel available for production in the USA is 1.4 × 10⁶ m³/year. Outfitting 50% of municipal wastewater plants for lipid extraction and transesterification could result in enough biodiesel production to replace 0.5% of the national petroleum diesel demand (0.7 × 10⁶ m³).     

固相萃取技术在农药残留分析中的应用

固相萃取是一种新型的样品预处理技术，操作简便，节省有机溶剂，易于实现自动化操作，已广泛应用于环境保护、药物检测、食品检验检疫等领域。在农药残留分析中，固相萃取技术的应用还使得提取不同类别农药的选择性增强，样品回收率提高，尤其是结合HPLC—MS、GC-MS、CE-MS等仪器的联合鉴定，可实现自动化分析，能简单、快速、灵敏地提取定量许多物质，从而大大提高了分析效率和精密度，具有广阔的发展前景。     

超声波提取-吸附分离-气相色谱法测定茶叶中农药残留

将超声提取-吸附分离的预处理技术用于气相色谱法检测茶叶中的农药残留。对超声波提取条件和吸附分离柱（自制）的结构进行了优化。建立了茶叶中有机磷类和菊酯类农药残留的气相色谱法定量测定的方法。进行了3个质量分数的标准添加，甲胺磷、乐果、联苯菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯的回收率相应为75％～95％、87％～110％、89％-102％、88％-105％、80％-93％，相对标准偏差为2．6％．4．8％，检出限为0．005-0．02mg／kg。该方法速度快、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

HMM-based state classification of a user with a walking support system using visual PCA features

The improvement of safety and dependability in systems that physically interact with humans requires investigation with respect to the possible states of the user’s motion and an attempt to recognize these states. In this study, we propose a method for real-time visual state classification of a user with a walking support system. The visual features are extracted using principal component analysis and classification is performed by hidden Markov models, both for real-time fall detection (one-class classification) and real-time state recognition (multi-class classification). The algorithms are used in experiments with a passive-type walker robot called “RT Walker” equipped with servo brakes and a depth sensor (Microsoft Kinect). The experiments are performed with 10 subjects, including an experienced physiotherapist who can imitate the walking pattern of the elderly and people with disabilities. The results of the state classification can be used to improve fall-prevention control algorithms for walking support systems. The proposed method can also be used for other vision-based classification applications, which require real-time abnormality detection or state recognition.     

微波辅助萃取鱼香草挥发油工艺的研究

利用正交实验研究微波辅助萃取鱼香草挥发油的工艺条件。考察了微波辐射时间、微波功率、溶剂用量、洗涤滤饼的溶剂量对提取率的影响。实验结果表明,微波萃取的最佳工艺条件：辐射时间60s,微波功率288w,溶剂用量120ml,洗涤滤饼溶剂量20ml。     

栀子色素的提取与精制

对栀子色素的提取和精制进行了研究，提出了栀了黄色素和栀子蓝色素的生产工艺条件和方法：采用50％甲醇水溶液作浸取剂，在常温下，浸取时间为24h,栀子黄色素收率较高，为11％－12％。     

多流形判别分析在人脸识别中的研究

局部保持投影LPP(Locality Preserving Projection)是一种有效的非线性降维方法,能够使投影降维后的数据与原输入空间中的相似局部结构保持一致,但是该方法没有充分利用类间样本点的权重等重要信息。为了解决这个问题,提出基于Fisher准则的多流形判别分析FMMDA(Fisher Multi-Manifold Discriminant Analysis)方法。结合Fisher准则训练样本类内拉普拉斯图和样本均值类间拉普拉斯图,既保持了原样本的相似局部结构,又充分地利用了不同类别之间的权重。在ORL及Yale人脸库上验证了该方法的有效性。与其他几种最先进的方法相比,FMMDA方法取得了更好的识别效果。     

基于粗糙集的焦炉加热工序控制规则提取

应用粗糙集(RS)理论对焦炉直行温度的控制规则进行了提取。首先收集人工成功控制直行温度的原始样本,添加可控与不可控参数,得到初始决策表;指出模糊控制方法因输入参数过少,从而会导致不确定性决策;然后利用RS理论对初始决策表进行约简,发现了关键影响因素及潜在规律,最终得到两组仅含有三个参数,简洁、一致、完备的控制规则,并经实际运行检验了规则的适用性。