Analysis of Volatiles Induced by Oviposition of Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola on Ulmus minor

Egg deposition of the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola causes the emission of volatiles from its food plant, Ulmus minor. These volatiles are exploited by the egg parasitoid, Oomyzus gallerucae, to locate its host. In contrast to other tritrophic systems, the release of volatiles is not induced by feeding but by egg deposition. Previous investigations showed that the release is systemic and can be triggered by jasmonic acid. Comparison of headspace analysis revealed similarities in the blend of volatiles emitted following egg deposition and feeding. The mixture consists of more than 40 compounds; most of the substances are terpenoids. Leaves next to those carrying eggs emit fewer compounds. When treated with jasmonic acid, leaves emit a blend that consists almost exclusively of terpenoids. Dichloromethane extracts of leaves treated with jasmonic acid were also investigated. After separation of extracts of jasmonate induced elm leaves on silica, we obtained a fraction of terpenoid hydrocarbons that was attractive to the parasitoids. This indicates that jasmonic acid stimulates the production of terpenoid hydrocarbons that convey information of egg deposition to the parasitoid.     

荷叶中黄酮类化合物的缓蚀性理论研究

用DFT中的B3LYP方法,在3-21G和6-311G水平上,研究荷叶黄酮类分子的分子结构及电子结构,并用Fukui指数分析活性。综合结论：槲皮素3-O-D-吡喃木糖基（1→2）-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷、异鼠李素、槲皮素-3-丙酯、紫云英苷、山奈酚和异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷与金属吸附作用较强。Fukui指数表明：分子的亲核进攻和亲电进攻点主要位于羰基氧原子和与独立苯环连接的羟基氧原子上。     

菠菜叶片线粒体DNA的提取及RAPD分析

以菠菜叶片为实验材料,采用差速离心法、DNaseI处理得到无核污染的线粒体、以SDS法去除蛋白,消化RNA得到单纯的菠菜叶片mtDNA,通过对mtDNA纯度的测定,从而建立了菠菜叶mtDNA快速、高效的提取技术体系;同时选取30个引物对三种菠菜mtDNA进行RAPD扩增,对提取的mtDNA体系进行了RAPD分析,结果表明,由引物S7、S16、S21、S24扩增出的条带清晰、多态性较好,片段大小在200~2000 bp之间,表明菠菜各品种的mtDNA各碱基序列上的多态性,是各品种之间进化凸现的原因之一。本研究建立的试验方法耗时短、对离心机的要求不高,并且提取的mtDNA产率高、结构也比较完整。     

丝瓜藤和叶中齐墩果酸的提取与含量分析

采用超声波辅助提取法优选提取工艺、比色法测定齐墩果酸的含量.通过单因素和正交试验设计法考察了乙醇体积分数、固液比、提取温度和提取时间对丝瓜叶中齐墩果酸提取率的影响.优化得到的提取工艺为：乙醇体积分数75％,固液比（g/mL）1∶40,提取温度70℃,提取时间70 min.齐墩果酸在3.3 μg/mL∽20.0 μg/mL （r=0.997 9,n=6）范围内浓度与吸光度呈良好的线性关系.丝瓜藤和丝瓜叶中齐墩果酸的含量分别是3.82 mg/g,3.24 mg/g.丝瓜藤中齐墩果酸含量高于丝瓜叶中的含量.所优化的工艺稳定、可行,该法测定齐墩果酸的含量,重复性较好.     

紫苏叶促进大鼠肠胃消化吸收作用的研究

研究紫苏叶促进肠蠕动与健胃消食的作用。实验分成两大组（A组,B组）。A组SD大鼠68只,随机分8组：阴性对照组、阳性对照组（1．4g／kg）、紫苏叶石油醚提取物低剂量组（15g／kg）、中剂量组（30g／kg）、高剂量组（60g／kg）,乙醇提取物低剂量组（10g／kg）、中剂量组（20g／kg）、高剂量组（30g／kg）。连续给药10d,测大鼠小肠碳末推进百分率。B组SD大鼠56只,随机分7组：阴性对照组、紫苏叶石油醚提取物及乙醇提取物大、中、小剂量组。连续给药8d,测大鼠胃部总酸度和总酸排出量。结果表明：与阴性对照组相比,各剂量组大鼠小肠碳末推进百分率与总酸排出量均增高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。紫苏叶的石油醚提取物及乙醇提取物具有促进肠胃消化吸收的作用。     

荷叶提取物抗氧化活性的研究

本文研究了荷叶在食用大豆油中的抗氧化活性 ,结果表明甲醇的荷叶提取物有很强的抗氧化活性 ,其抗氧化性与BHA相当 ,略高于α—生育酚 ,可抑制约 74%的亚麻酸发生氧化反应。用薄层层析将该提取物分成 6部分 ,其中Rf=0 .88和Rf=0 .80的两部分具强抗氧化活性 ,分别可抑制 79.6 %和 71.1%的亚麻酸发生过氧化反应。     

Antioxidant activity in leaves of some mediterranean plants

Hexane and methanol leaf extracts of sixteen Mediterranean plant species were obtained by percolation. Higher yields were observed for methanol (16.4–47.8%) than for hexane extracts (1.3–13%). Antioxidant activity of these extracts was determined by a rapid spectrophotometric method involving the combined oxidation of beta-carotene and linoleic acid. Leaf extracts were thus characterized by an Antioxidant Activity Coefficient (AAC) ranging from 0 to 1000. Hexane extracts gave much higher AAC values than the corresponding methanol extracts. In both cases, myrtle (Myrtus communis) showed the best antioxidant effectiveness.     

Feeding stimulatory and inhibitory chemicals from an acceptable nonhost plant forManduca sexta: Improved detection by larvae deprived of selected chemosensory organs

The chemical basis of feeding responses to the acceptable nonhost plantVigna sinensis (cowpea) by larvae ofManduca sexta was investigated using chemical isolation techniques directed by a novel chemosensory-based bioassay. The presence of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds in leaves or leaf extracts was determined in a two-choice preference test using leaf disks or glass fiber filter paper disks laced with leaf extract as test substrate and filter paper disks laced with water as control. Larvae strongly prefer the control disks over leaf disks, indicating the presence of feeding inhibitory compounds in the leaf. An ethanol extract of both fresh and dried leaves neither stimulated nor inhibited feeding. The cause of this inactivity was examined by using larvae that respond strongly to either feeding stimulatory or inhibitory compounds due to selective chemosensory deprivation. Larvae having chemosensory organs remaining only on the maxillary palps are stimulated to feed by whole leaf disks and by the ethanol extracts. In contrast, larvae having only the medial and lateral maxillary sensilla styloconica and the epipharyngeal sensilla remaining are strongly inhibited by whole leaf disks and the ethanol extract of fresh leaves. Thus, the ethanol extract contains both feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds, which elicit opposite behavioral effects in unoperated larvae, therefore nullifying any stimulatory and inhibitory activity. These compounds can only be demonstrated by using discrimination-enhanced larvae in the choice tests. Further isolation of the feeding stimulatory principle inV. sinensis yielded two separate fractions of neutral compounds, suggesting at least two different chemicals belonging to two different classes: nonpolar and polar lipids. Feeding inhibitory chemicals have apparently polar properties because strong activity was found in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of dried leaves. The role of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds in food selection ofM. sexta larvae is discussed.     

POTENTIAL OF ERYTHRINA VARIEGATA ORIENTALIS LEAF POWDER FOR THE REMOVAL OF COBALT(II)

Most plant materials are freely and abundantly available and can be used for the removal of heavy metals from effluents. This study investigates the effects of equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters on biosorption of Co(II) ions onto the plant source Erythrina variegata orientalis leaf powder. The biosorption studies are carried out in a batch process. A significant increase in percentage removal of Co(II) is observed as pH value is increased from 2 to 5 and the percentage removal is maximum at pH = 7. The maximum sorption capacity is 8.3 mg/g in the range of variables investigated. The experimental data are well represented by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms indicating favorable biosorption. The biosorption follows second-order kinetics. The biosorption is exothermic, irreversible, and spontaneous.     

松针乙醇提取物体外抗油脂氧化活性测定

以油脂为抗氧化基质,用碘-淀粉比色法测定计算油脂氧化POV值,观察马尾松松针乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性。松针乙醇提取物加入油脂,置65℃恒温烘箱,以枸橼酸为阳性对照,每隔24 h测定计算油脂氧化POV值。结果显示,松针乙醇提取物能明显减缓油脂POV值升高趋势,且具有一定的时间和浓度依赖性,提示松针乙醇提取物具有抗氧化活性。