Ferroelectric liquid crystals: Excellent tool for modern displays and photonics

The ferroelectric liquid crystals, because of their fast electro‐optical response, are one of the most important classes of liquid crystals. Here, in this review, we have summarized the different electro‐optical modes for ferroelectric liquid crystals. Clark–Lagerwall effect (surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal), deformed helix ferroelectric (DHF) effect, electrically suppressed helix (ESH) mode, DHF orientational Kerr effect, and ESH diffraction modes have been discussed. All of the crucial features, that is, optics, electro‐optics, dynamics, and their dependence on material parameters, operational regime, and applications, have been reviewed.     

液剂视频序列中运动异物的模糊自适应分割

运动异物的正确分割是实现液剂自动检测的关键.提出一种基于帧差图空间方差和方差梯度的液剂异物模糊自适应阈值分割算法.首先将4帧序列图像差分得到的2幅帧差图分为5×5的图像块,计算2幅帧差图对应图像块间的方差和方差梯度,并以两者的乘积构成新特征图;然后使用自适应阈值对新特征图进行运动异物分割和提取.为使阈值能够跟随图像块灰度变化,阈值的调整采用模糊推理依据方差和方差梯度变化自适应实现.实验及实际测试结果表明,该算法能够满足低对比度和局部光照变化的液剂异物实时检测要求,是一种实用有效的图像分割算法.     

飞机主系统液压泵转速测试仪的设计与仿真

为给主系统液压泵转速装置的定检提供参考,设计了主系统液压泵转速测试仪。硬件设计包括单片机和液晶显示器四个模块;软件设计包括定时器T0的中断服务、计数器T1的脉冲计数和液晶的驱动三个模块。基于Proteus平台并利用模拟的霍尔脉冲信号对设计进行了仿真,结果表明,测试仪的软硬件设计正确。     

基团立体屏蔽效应对取代咪唑离子液体酸性的影响

影响取代咪唑阳离子C2-H酸性(pKa)的重要因素有二:H原子所带的部分正电荷和取代基的立体屏蔽效应,前者可用C2-H的1H NMR化学位移δC2-H度量,后者用基团拓扑立体效应指数TSEI衡量.咪唑阳离子C2-H的pKa可由以下方程估算:pKa=58.10-4.208δC2-H+1.659TSEI该式的标准偏差只有0.28 pKa单位,估算结果与文献报导的pKa值相吻合.表明如要精确估算pKa,必须考虑取代基立体屏蔽效应;当希望用碱性较低的亲核试剂脱除取代咪唑阳离子的C2-H形成卡宾时,应采用芳香基取代的咪唑离子;若使用取代咪唑离子液体作溶剂,并且在碱性较强的条件下进行有机反应,则最好选择立体屏蔽效应大的非芳香基取代的咪唑离子.     

基于LabVIEW 8.0测定纯液体蒸发焓的虚拟仪器

将常规的数字温度仪与压力计通过串行口和计算机连接,构建基于LabVIEW 8.0测定纯液体蒸发焓的虚拟仪器,实现实验数据的动态采集、实时显示、自动绘制p～T曲线并显示曲线方程、自动数据处理和写成结果报告等。应用结果表明:基于LabVIEW构建的测定纯液体蒸发焓的虚拟仪器,免除人工操作的繁琐和人为误差,测定乙醇和苯蒸发焓的相对误差分别为0.86%、-2.97%,提高了测量结果的准确度,且具有界面友好,操作简便和功能易扩展等诸多优点。     

DCS控制系统在蒸发工段的应用

分析了碱回收蒸发工段的工艺流程和控制要求,从硬件配置和软件设计等方面对碱回收蒸发工段进行了详细的叙述,同时采取软测量的方法测量黑液浓度,提出黑液浓度-压力串级控制方法;根据工艺要求设计出一种新型的DCS控制方法,它是由西门子公司的SIMATIC 400系列PLC连接ET200系列的分布式I/O系统及标准伺服控制系统组成的DP控制网络,通过相应的智能仪表及阀门对现场信号进行采集和控制;由此对碱回收蒸发工段实施集散控制的优化控制法案;工程实践表明,该系统在江苏甲乙粘胶公司生产线上投用,各种控制性指标能够很好地满足公司的要求。     

Liquid crystal oligo(cyclosiloxanes)

The synthesis and properties of individual liquid crystal oligo(cyclosiloxanes),, wherex=4–8 andR is a 4-methoxyphenyl-4-alkyloxybenzoate type of mesogenic group, is described. Preliminary results concerning the effect of ring size on the mesophase formation are included. X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the cyclosiloxanes form a smectic A₁ phase.     

Energy conversion at liquid/liquid interfaces: artificial photosynthetic systems

This chapter focuses on multielectron reactions in organized assemblies of molecules at the liquid/liquid interface. We describe the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of such reactions, including the structure of the reaction centers, charge movement along the electron transfer pathways, and the role of electric double layers in artificial photosynthesis. Some examples of artificial photosynthesis at the oil/water interface are considered, including water photooxidation to the molecular oxygen, oxygen photoreduction, photosynthesis of amphiphilic compounds and proton evolution by photochemical processes.     

Ultrafast Switchable Passive Radiative Cooling Smart Windows with Synergistic Optical Modulation

Switchable passive radiative cooling (PRC) smart windows can modulate sunlight transmission and spontaneously emit heat to outer space through atmospheric transparent window, presenting great potential in building energy conservation. However, realizing stable and on-demand control of the cooling efficiency for PRC materials is still challenging. Herein, an electro-controlled polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) smart window showing PRC property is designed and prepared by adding mid-infrared emitting reactive monomers into the conventional PDLC matrix. It is found that not only the electro-optical properties but also the PRC efficiency of PRC PDLC film are tunable by regulating the content of the mid-infrared emitting components, film thickness, and micromorphology. This advanced PRC PDLC material achieves a near/sub-ambient temperature when the solar irradiance is below 400 W m⁻² and can dynamically manage daytime cooling efficiency. Importantly, its PRC efficiency is capable of being tuned in an on-demand and ultrafast millisecond-scale way, whose controllable transparency enables multistage heat regulation. This study is hoped to provide new inspiration in the preparation of advanced optical devices and energy-efficient equipment.     

液氦温区大型低温制冷系统的可靠性评估

针对改进Claude循环的大型氦低温制冷系统,以制冷量不足为顶事件建立了故障树模型。利用结构法对故障树模型进行定性分析,分析得到系统的最小割集为18个。利用来自不同数据库的部件失效率对故障树模型进行定量计算,得到了不同的结果,并分析其原因。对各部件的关键重要度进行了计算,以衡量各个部件对系统发生故障的贡献程度。并通过增加系统冗余部件和提高关键部件可靠度等措施,为提高系统可靠性找到了有效的解决途径。