Catalytically Induced Robust Inorganic-Rich Cathode Electrolyte Interphase for 4.5 V Li||NCM622 Batteries

Tailoring inorganic components of cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is critical to improving the cycling performance of lithium metal batteries. However, it is challenging due to complicated electrolyte reactions on cathode/anode surfaces. Herein, the species and inorganic component content of the CEI/SEI is enriched with an objectively gradient distribution through employing pentafluorophenyl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate (PFBNBS) as electrolyte additive guided by engineering bond order with functional groups. In addition, a catalytic effect of LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂ (NCM622) cathode is proposed on the decomposition of PFBNBS. PFBNBS with lower highest occupied molecular orbital can be preferentially oxidized on the NCM622 surface with the help of the catalytic effect to induce an inorganic-rich CEI for superior electrochemical performance at high voltage. Moreover, PFBNBS can be reduced on the Li surface due to its lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital , increasing inorganic moieties in SEI for inhibiting Li dendrite generation. Thus, 4.5 V Li||NCM622 batteries with such electrolyte can retain 70.4% of initial capacity after 500 cycles at 0.2 C, which is attributed to the protective effect of the excellent CEI on NCM622 and the inhibitory effect of its derived CEI/SEI on continuous electrolyte decomposition.     

A Stable Polymer-based Solid-State Lithium Metal Battery and its Interfacial Characteristics Revealed by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy

Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) are a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage systems due to their intrinsic safety and high energy density. However, they still suffer from poor interfacial stability, which can incur high interfacial resistance and insufficient cycle lifespan. Herein, a novel poly(vinylidene fluoride‑hexafuoropropylene)-based polymer electrolyte (PPE) with LiBF₄ and propylene carbonate plasticizer is developed, which has a high room-temperature ionic conductivity up to 1.15 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ and excellent interfacial stability. Benefitting from the stable interphase, the PPE-based symmetric cell can operate for over 1000 h. By virtue of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) characterization, the high interfacial compatibility between Li metal anode and PPE is revealed. The solid electrolyte interphase is made up of an amorphous outer layer that can keep intimate contact with PPE and an inner Li₂O-dominated layer that can protect Li from continuous side reactions during battery cycling. A LiF-rich transition layer is also discovered in the region of PPE close to Li metal anode. The feasibility of investigating interphases in polymer-based solid-state batteries via Cryo-TEM techniques is demonstrated, which can be widely employed in future to rationalize the correlation between solid-state electrolytes and battery performance from ultrafine interfacial structures.     

Plasma Enhanced Lithium Coupled with Cobalt Fibers Arrays for Advanced Energy Storage

Construction of high efficiency and stable Li metal anodes is extremely vital to the breakthrough of Li metal batteries. In this study, for the first time, groundbreaking in situ plasma interphase engineering is reported to construct high-quality lithium halides-dominated solid electrolyte interphase layer on Li metal to stabilize & protect the anode. Typically, SF₆ plasma-induced sulfured and fluorinated interphase (SFI) is composed of LiF and Li₂S, interwoven with each other to form a consecutive solid electrolyte interphase. Simultaneously, brand-new vertical Co fibers (diameter: ≈5 µm) scaffold is designed via a facile magnetic-field-assisted hydrothermal method to collaborate with plasma-enhanced Li metal anodes (SFI@Li/Co). The Co fibers scaffold accommodates active Li with mechanical integrity and decreases local current density with good lithiophilicity and low geometric tortuosity, supported by DFT calculations and COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. Consequently, the assembled symmetric cells with SFI@Li/Co anodes exhibit superior stability over 525 h with a small voltage hysteresis (125 mV at 5 mA cm⁻²) and improved Coulombic efficiency (99.7%), much better than the counterparts. Enhanced electrochemical performance is also demonstrated in full cells with commercial cathodes and SFI@Li/Co anode. The research offers a new route to develop advanced alkali metal anodes for energy storage.     

An Intrinsically Nonflammable Electrolyte for Prominent-Safety Lithium Metal Batteries with High Energy Density and Cycling Stability

Nex-generation high-energy-density storage battery, assembled with lithium (Li)-metal anode and nickel-rich cathode, puts forward urgent demand for advanced electrolytes that simultaneously possess high security, wide electrochemical window, and good compatibility with electrode materials. Herein an intrinsically nonflammable electrolyte is designed by using 1 M lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) in triethyl phosphate (TEP) and N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Pyr₁₃][TFSI] ionic liquid (IL) solvents. The introduction of IL can bring plentiful organic cations and anions, which provides a cation shielding effect and regulates the Li⁺ solvation structure with plentiful Li⁺-DFOB⁻ and Li⁺-TFSI⁻ complexes. The unique Li⁺ solvation structure can induce stable anion-derived electrolyte/electrode interphases, which effectively inhibit Li dendrite growth and suppress side reactions between TEP and electrodes. Therefore, the LiNi_0.9Co_0.05Mn_0.05O₂ (NCM90)/Li coin cell with this electrolyte can deliver stable cycling even under 4.5 V and 60 °C. Moreover, a Li-metal battery with thick NCM90 cathode (≈ 15 mg cm⁻²) and thin Li-metal anode (≈ 50 µm) (N/P ≈ 3), also reveals stable cycling performance under 4.4 V. And a 2.2 Ah NCM90/Li pouch cell can simultaneously possess prominent safety with stably passing the nail penetration test, and high gravimetric energy density of 470 Wh kg⁻¹ at 4.4 V.     

基于流挖掘与切换电量的主动均衡算法研究

以端电压或荷电状态(SOC)为均衡标准的主动均衡算法,在均衡过程中由于难以准确反映单体之间绝对电量的差异,容易导致能量反复流动、降低均衡效率。针对该问题,提出了一种以单体切换电量作为均衡标准的主动均衡控制算法,该算法以单开关电容为核心构造主动均衡算法的硬件拓扑,利用流挖掘技术获取单体间切换电量的概要信息,通过均衡算法智能控制单体间均衡的顺序,进行不同脉冲信号周期、占空比、电容容量、均衡策略的仿真对比实验。结果表明,所提出的均衡算法能准确定位均衡单体、避免能量反复流动,有效地提高了主动均衡算法的运行效率。     

基于IGA-BP神经网络的锂电池健康状态估算

针对锂离子电池健康状态(SOH)估算精度低、传统遗传算法(GA)易陷入局部最优、收敛速度慢的问题,为提高锂电池健康状态的估算精度,提出了交叉概率和变异概率自适应的调整策略对传统GA进行改进,在改进遗传算法(IGA)的作用下,使优良个体仍保持较好的进化能力,算法初期搜索范围、后期局部搜索能力以及收敛速度也得到加强。提取间接健康因子,再用改进的遗传算法对BP神经网络的初始参数寻优得到IGA-BP神经网络模型,基于NASA锂电池数据集分别用GA-BP与IGA-BP神经网络算法对SOH进行估算。结果表明:IGA-BP神经网络算法估算精度更高,且具备快速收敛的优势,平均绝对百分比误差和均方根误差分别下降了0.422%和0.412,拟合程度提高了8.1%。     

MoS2/C纳米复合材料的合成及其电化学性能研究

理论比能量高达2 600 Wh/kg的锂硫电池已经成为锂电池研究热点,然而硫导电性不好、穿梭效应和锂化体积效应较大等问题阻碍了锂硫电池的产业化。将无定型多孔碳材料的高导电性和极性MoS₂的固硫作用相结合改善锂硫电池的电化学性能。所得的S@MoS₂/C在0.05 C和2 C电流密度下的放电比容量分别为1 507和406.3 mAh/g,比S@MoS₂在相同电流密度下的放电比容量（1 400和345.7 mAh/g）更高。在循环性能测试中,S@MoS₂/C容量保持率为46.9%,要高于S@MoS₂（39.1%）。因此,MoS₂/C复合材料作为硫载体可以显著改善锂硫电池性能。     

Overcoming Anode Instability in Solid-State Batteries through Control of the Lithium Metal Microstructure

Enabling the lithium metal anode (LMA) in solid-state batteries (SSBs) is the key to developing high energy density battery technologies. However, maintaining a stable electrode–electrolyte interface presents a critical challenge to high cycling rate and prolonged cycle life. One such issue is the interfacial pore formation in LMA during stripping. To overcome this, either higher stack pressure or binary lithium alloy anodes are used. Herein, it is shown that fine-grained (d = 20 µm) polycrystalline LMA can avoid pore formation by exploiting the microstructural dependence of the creep rates. In a symmetric cell set-up, i.e., LiǀLi_6.25Al_0.25La₃Zr₂O₁₂(LLZO)ǀLi, fine-grained LMA achieves > 11.0 mAh cm⁻² compared to ≈ 3.6 mAh cm⁻² for coarse-grained LMA (d = 295 µm) at 0.1 mA cm⁻² and at moderate stress of 2.0 MPa. Smaller diffusion lengths (≈ 20 µm) and higher diffusivity pathway along dislocations (D_d ≈ 10⁻⁷ cm² s⁻¹), generated during cell fabrication, result in enhanced viscoplastic deformation in fine-grained polycrystalline LMA. The electrochemical performances corroborate well with estimated creep rates. Thus, microstructural control of LMA can significantly reduce the required stack pressure during stripping. These results are particularly relevant for “anode-free” SSBs wherein both the microstructure and the mechanical state of the lithium are critical parameters.     

氢燃料电池船舶直流综合电力系统研究及应用

研发氢燃料电池船舶是实现航运业零碳排放的可行途径,也是推动造船业转型升级的重要发展方向,但传统的电力系统集成模式逐渐成为制约氢燃料电池船舶产业化应用的关键因素,构建以新能源为主体的船舶新型直流综合电力系统成为解决该问题的突破点。首先,系统梳理了氢燃料电池船舶和船舶综合电力系统的发展概况;其次,以中国第一艘氢燃料电池游艇"蠡湖"号为例,详细介绍了氢燃料电池船舶直流综合电力系统的关键技术及其在实船上的应用;然后,针对不同的航行工况重点分析了氢燃料电池船舶的5种电力驱动模式;最后,结合相关技术和配套设备的研发进程,分析并探讨船用氢燃料电池的局限性、推广可行性及未来的发展方向,期望能为燃料电池船舶的技术创新和工程应用提供参考。     

基于压电力显微镜的铌酸锂电畴稳定性研究

研究了Z切700 nm厚的单晶铌酸锂(LiNbO₃)薄膜电畴的调控方法。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对单晶LiNbO₃薄膜的晶向和形貌进行了表征,并通过外加电场对单晶LiNbO₃薄膜电畴进行调控。研究结果表明,该LiNbO₃薄膜具有单一的(006)衍射峰,表面光滑、粗糙度低(均方根粗糙度小于1 nm)。通过外加电场和预设电畴图案对LiNbO₃电畴进行精准调控,并测试了电畴稳定性。测试结果显示,调控后的电畴在温度为25~150℃内处于稳定状态,且在30 d内保持稳定,未发生弛豫现象。该研究为LiNbO₃电畴工程器件的研发和应用提供了重要的技术支撑。