An Efficient and Universal Protoplast Isolation Protocol Suitable for Transient Gene Expression Analysis and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

The recent advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has enabled access to the developmental landscape of a complex organ by monitoring the differentiation trajectory of every specialized cell type at the single-cell level. A main challenge in this endeavor is dissociating plant cells from the rigid cell walls and some species are recalcitrant to such cellular isolation. Here, we describe the establishment of a simple and efficient protocol for protoplast preparation in Chirita pumila, which includes two consecutive digestion processes with different enzymatic buffers. Using this protocol, we generated viable cell suspensions suitable for an array of expression analyses, including scRNA-seq. The universal application of this protocol was further tested by successfully isolating high-quality protoplasts from multiple organs (petals, fruits, tuberous roots, and gynophores) from representative species on the key branches of the angiosperm lineage. This work provides a robust method in plant science, overcoming barriers to isolating protoplasts in diverse plant species and opens a new avenue to study cell type specification, tissue function, and organ diversification in plants.     

Intelligent information acquisition methods and seismic damage prediction of rural masonry building groups

我国村镇地区砌体结构分布广、数量大、抗震性能普遍较差，且具有结构形式多样、无数据和随机性强等特点，获取其建筑信息是实现震害预测的前提和基础，但传统人工检测技术效率低、不经济。为此，提出了一种图像识别与模糊推理相结合的村镇砌体建筑群信息智能获取方法。建立了基于卷积神经网络的砌体建筑图像识别模型，结合图像测量技术获取建筑几何信息；提出了基于模糊推理的砌体结构隐蔽信息确定方法，可有效提取村镇砌体结构墙体属性、构造措施、材料强度等隐蔽属性信息；依据获取的建筑信息与场地信息，分别建立单体结构力学模型与空间地震动场模型，通过结构地震动力响应分析实现村镇区域砌体建筑群的震害预测。最后，对北方地区某村落进行群体建筑信息获取和震害预测，结果表明,基于影像数据的图像识别和图像测量技术可以有效获取村镇建筑结构类型以及外观尺寸信息,提出的模糊推理方法可以高效、准确地识别砌体建筑群的隐蔽信息，进一步通过对震害场景的数值模拟，实现村镇区域群体建筑震害的有效预测。     

依据规范设计的钢板剪力墙的抗震性能

目前美国钢结构协会(AISC)抗震设计规范纳入了钢板剪力墙(SPSWs)的设计要求。钢板剪力墙由薄钢板中夹着被称为水平边界单元(HBEs)的钢梁和被称为竖直边界单元(VBEs)的钢柱组成。无加劲薄钢板在较低剪力作用下屈曲并发展变形,通过屈服变形达到延性和耗能的目的。HBEs的作用是加劲和提高整体强度,并将屈服局限于薄钢板内。VBEs的作用是促进梁端塑性铰的形成。研究依据规范设计的钢板剪力墙的性能,设计了一系列钢板剪力墙试件,采用不同震级的地面震动反应谱的非线性时程分析对其进行性能研究。研究发现,依据现行规范设计的试件能满足各种地震烈度下最大层间位移的要求,并且在最高地震烈度下最大层间位移比小于5%。由于高阶振型对反应的影响,低层钢板剪力墙的延性要求比高层钢板剪力墙要高。由钢板承担的楼层剪力与由边界框架承担的楼层剪力之比为60%～80%,此比值与板的长宽比和地震烈度无关,而与板的厚度有关。9层或以上钢板剪力墙在低烈度地震下对VBEs的需求比规范计算方法要小很多。     

混合结构中常用剪力墙形式抗震性能研究

采用有限元程序ADINA,考虑了核心筒墙体高宽比、混凝土等级、轴压比、配筋率和边缘约束指标以及型钢混凝土剪力墙边缘构件含钢率等因素的影响,对混合结构主要抗侧力构件——核心筒墙体的抗震性能进行了分析,并对混合结构中剪力墙抗震性能的主要影响参数提出了建议。     

混凝土空心砌块建筑设计的若干措施

针对砌块建筑普遍存在的开裂及渗漏现象 ,在模数协调、结构构造、变形控制、墙体抗渗等方面提出了建筑与结构的设计方法和相应的技术措施。     

高宽比对生态复合墙体破坏模式的影响

生态复合墙体是生态复合墙结构的主要受力构件,其破坏模式不单一。高宽比是影响墙体破坏模式的重要因素之一。在不同高宽比生态复合墙体试验研究的基础上,介绍了墙体破坏机理及破坏模式,对比分析了不同高宽比墙体破坏模式及原因,建立非线性有限元模型,对不同高宽比墙体破坏模式进行分析。结果表明:生态复合墙体破坏模式本质上由复合墙板及边框柱的相对强弱决定,对于填充加气混凝土砌块生态复合墙体,当墙体高宽比<1.5时,墙体发生合理的剪切型破坏;对于填充秸秆泥坯砖生态复合墙体,当墙体高宽比<1.7时,墙体发生剪切型破坏。研究结果对于生态复合墙体的抗震优化设计具有一定的参考意义。更多还原     

Loadbearing capacity of infill masonry walls considering the deformation‐based membrane effect

According to currently valid codes, it is not possible to determine the loadbearing capacity of unreinforced infill walls considering the deformation‐based membrane effect by incorporating the exact support conditions. One reason for this is the lack of a validated calculation procedure, which in addition to the equilibrium conditions also realistically represents the compatibility conditions of these systems. In the present paper, therefore, a new non‐linear analytical calculation procedure is presented. The main focus of the analysis of walls subject to area loading is the incorporation of the support conditions and thus the consideration of the deformation‐based membrane compressive force. Through generalised formulation and a standardised notation of the determination equations, different material behaviours and various support conditions can be taken into account with few parameters. On the action side, both lighter loading like wind loads and heavier loading like explosion loads can be considered. Through the implementation of the partial factor concept, it is possible to comply with the requirements of European codes and thus ensure the applicability of the analysis model.     

When green marketing meets reality: selected facts about sustainable house building

Since 2012, Life Cycle Engineering Experts (LCEE) have carried out a series of comprehensive studies into the sustainability of market‐relevant (also potentially) construction methods in German housing ([1] to [4]). The methodical basis was a systematic application of the sustainability assessment approach of the Deutsches Gütesiegel Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB) applied to representative model buildings from the detached house and apartment building sectors (see Figs. 1 and 2). The key findings have been compressed into themed fact sheets intended to ensure appropriate knowledge and information transfer to various recipients. As a contribution to less marketing and more reality, the following paper outlines the lessons learnt from selected example fact sheets concerning sustainable housing.     

Evaluation of tensile load-strain characteristics of geogrids through in-soil tensile tests

This paper evaluates in-soil tensile load-strain characteristics of geogrids with the help of a custom designed and developed in-soil tensile setup in the laboratory. Displacement controlled in-soil tensile tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of normal stress, soil type, and presence of sand-sandwiched layer, on the tensile load-strain characteristics of geogrid. Confinement of geogrid within the soil and application of normal stress were found to increase the mobilized tensile load and secant tensile stiffness of geogrid. Secant stiffness improvement factors were determined to quantify the improvement in tensile load-strain characteristics of geogrid under confinement, on comparison to in-isolation values. Geogrid was observed to exhibit lower secant tensile stiffness when embedded in marginal soil, moist-compacted at wet of optimum. However, the concept of sand-sandwiched geogrid was found to improve the tensile load-strain behaviour of geogrids embedded in marginal soil compacted at wet of optimum.     

砌体结构受爆破地震波作用破坏特征研究

在建筑物附近进行爆破作业产生的爆破振动,会引起结构一定程度的损伤,对结构的安全性和耐久性产生影响。根据现场工程情况,采用有限元软件ANSYS建立砌体结构的计算模型,对爆破地震波作用下其受力和变形进行数值模拟分析。研究表明,爆破地震波作用时,房屋门、窗户的四角部位和墙角等是易产生应力集中和破坏的关键部位;结构对爆破振动的响应程度随着结构物高度的增加而增大;砌体结构设计施工和在砌体结构附近进行爆破作业时,应采取相应减振措施,以降低爆破振动的危害。