The Optimization of the Production of Methyl Esters from Corn Oil Using Barium Hydroxide as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

In recent years, vegetable oils, as renewable raw materials, became a promising feedstock for chemicals and biodiesel production. The main products derived from oils are esters of fatty acids, especially methyl esters, obtained by their transesterification with methanol, in presence of acid or alkaline catalysts. The use of such catalysts implies the need for washing operations, which leads to environmental pollution. In the present paper, the response surface methodology based on a central composite design, has been developed to optimize the process of transesterification of corn oil. Ba(OH)₂ in presence of diethyl ether was used as catalyst. A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained. It correlates the reaction parameters [methanol/oil molar ratio (x _r), reaction time (x _t) and catalyst concentration (x _c)] with methyl esters yield. Analysis of variance analysis showed that only methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst concentration have had the most significant influences on the conversion. The maximum methyl esters yield was obtained using the following optimum parameters: methanol/corn oil ratio of 11.32, reaction time of 118 min and catalyst concentration of 3.6 wt%.     

Effect of Constant‐Rate Reduction on the Performance of a Ternary Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst in Methanol Synthesis

A multi‐functional flow set‐up was developed for the rate‐ and temperature‐controlled reduction of copper catalysts, their application in high‐pressure methanol synthesis and the determination of the copper surface area by N₂O frontal chromatography. The influence of constant‐rate reduction on the catalytic properties of a ternary Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst was investigated. The temperature during the constant‐rate reduction was found to decrease, indicating autocatalytic kinetics, but no significant catalytic effect of the milder reduction conditions was observed compared with a slow linear heating ramp.     

Preparation and Application of Perovskite Catalysts for Diesel Soot Emissions Control: An Overview

The diesel engines are energy efficient (1), but their particulate matter (soot) emissions are still a matter of concern even though major advances in their control are being made. For soot abatement, catalytic diesel particulate filter (DPF) technique is widely employed to trap and burn the soot. Many types of catalysts have been investigated for the soot combustion i.e. platinum group metal (PGM) based, perovskite-type oxides, spinel-type oxides, rare earth metal oxides, and mixed transient metal oxides etc. The cost of PGM catalysts is high and their availability is questionable. Further they are susceptible to poisoning and have low thermal stability. On the other hand perovskite catalysts show potential as effective soot oxidation catalyst for the DPF because of their low cost, high thermal stability and tailoring flexibility. Many papers related to soot oxidation over perovskite catalysts have been published but no review paper appears in the literature that is dedicated to soot oxidation. Thus, this article provides a summary of published information regarding pure and substituted perovskite catalyst, preparation methods, properties, and their application for diesel soot emission control.     

Mo-Ni纳米自组装催化剂的表征与活性评价

以二次纳米自组装氧化铝为载体,浸渍以氨为溶剂、双金属活性组分配比不同的钼镍铵溶液,制备一种新型加氢催化剂,并对制得的催化剂进行表征和评价。结果表明,钼镍催化剂的孔性质稳定,孔径大小集中在3~10 nm和30~100 nm,其中在30~100 nm的孔道占33.70%~39.47%。以劣质催化裂化柴油为原料,对催化剂进行加氢活性评价,催化剂的脱硫率为81%~93%,脱氮率为87%~97%,芳烃饱和率为56%~67%,在催化剂运行时间内无明显结焦现象且活性较好。结合钼镍催化剂的表征数据及加氢活性评价结果发现钼镍质量比为7∶1时催化剂的性质最适宜,并且催化剂活性最优。     

CO、CO_2及其共存体系的甲烷化反应

介绍了甲烷化的反应体系,CO、CO2甲烷化反应的机理;比较了CO体系、CO2体系和CO、CO2共存体系的甲烷化反应特点以及三种反应体系对催化剂的要求;综述了适用于不同体系催化剂的研究进展,并重点介绍了多种催化剂的载体、助剂与活性组分之间的相互作用方式以及几种催化剂对碳氧化物甲烷化反应的催化机理;甲烷化反应的应用方向逐步从合成氨、合成气制天然气向燃料电池、焦炉煤气等方向扩展,对反应体系的研究也由CO甲烷化体系向CO2甲烷化体系和共存体系方向发展;复合载体负载的多金属催化剂成为现在甲烷化催化剂的主要研究方向,纳米颗粒催化剂、等离子体等技术开始应用于甲烷化催化剂。     

1000MW燃煤机组SCR脱硝系统设计

目前国内火电厂的大气污染问题日益严重,大容量燃煤机组的脱硝系统设计还不够完善,选择催化还原技术是国际上应用最广泛最有效的烟气脱硝工艺。该技术效率高,无二次污染,符合国家及行业规定。本文结合实际经验,介绍1000MW脱硝工程的设计方法及特点,采用两台相同SCR设备同时运行的方法,高温高尘方式布置,包括反应器SCR本体的设计、催化剂的设计、氨区设计,为1000MW脱硝系统的设计提供参考。     

催化剂对低游离酚低游离醛酚醛树脂的性能影响研究

在P/F=1∶1.6情况下,分别以氢氧化钠、氢氧化钡、氨水、氧化锌为催化剂,催化苯酚与多聚甲醛合成高固含量酚醛树脂。研究了催化剂用量和种类对树脂黏度、固含量、游离酚、游离醛,以及固化后树脂力学性能的影响。结果表明:浸渍和胶合用酚醛树脂,以氢氧化钠制备的酚醛树脂的综合性能最优;氢氧化钠用量为3.5%时,树脂黏度为3.0Pa·s,固含量为86%,游离酚为4.0%,游离醛为0.4%且合成树脂预聚体的p H9.5,为弱碱性。     

新型钛系聚酯催化剂的催化性能研究

合成了一种应用型钛系聚酯(PET)催化剂TY,考察了在PET合成中催化剂TY对酯化时间、缩聚时间、产品性能等的影响;并与传统锑系催化剂三氧化二锑(Sb2O3)的性能进行了对比。结果表明:钛系催化剂TY不仅能缩短酯化时间和聚合时间,而且催化剂用量少、催化活性高;钛系催化剂TY用量为20~25μg/g时,催化活性最佳,催化剂TY 20~25μg/g的催化活性相当于Sb2O3350~400μg/g的催化活性;钛系催化剂合成的PET切片的特性黏数达0.683 d L/g,与锑系PET相比,色相L值提高达71.68,b值相差不大,端羧基含量及二甘醇含量降低,结晶行为及热性能相当;钛系催化剂TY适合无重金属聚酯的工业生产,工业应用性强。     

钯催化Suzuki偶联反应的研究进展

金属Pd催化的Suzuki偶联反应是碳-碳偶联反应中重要的反应之一。综述了近年来Pd催化Suzuki偶联反应的研究进展,其中包括Suzuki反应机理、配体种类及其在有机合成中的应用。介绍了含N、P配体的钯催化剂和碳纳米管、磁性材料、多孔材料、水滑石、金属氧化物、高分子材料等负载的无配体钯催化剂的研究进展。