榆林气田合理注醇量计算方法及防堵认识

对榆林气田气井在集输过程中产生堵塞进行分析研究,发现天然气在高压、低温状态下很容易形成水合物,造成地面管线堵塞。依据水化物生成原理,榆林气田主要采用加入甲醇防止水化物形成。依据气井生产过程中甲醇消耗特征,建立了计算气井合理注醇量的方法,使榆林气田的气井注醇量更加科学合理,不但减少了井堵频次,同时大大降低了甲醇浪费。此方法可为气田气井的合理注醇提供参考依据。     

异臂星状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-苯乙烯的合成与表征

以α-溴代异丁酸叔丁酯(BIBTB)为引发剂,CuBr/Bpy为催化体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)聚合得到大分子引发剂PMMA-Br,利用电荷转移络合物效应以PMMA-Br引发支化单体二苯甲烷双马来酰亚胺(BMI)和苯乙烯就地优先生成双官能团大分子引发剂再继续引发苯乙烯得异臂星状聚合物。采用1H-NMR、GPC、MALLS、FT-IR和DSC等方法对聚合反应过程、聚合物及其水解产物进行分析测试。研究结果表明:利用电荷转移络合物效应就地生成双官能团大分子引发剂合成异臂星状聚合物是可行的。     

纳米四针状氧化锌晶须光催化降解甲基橙

以纳米四针状氧化锌晶须(T-ZnOw)为光催化剂,以甲基橙为染料模型化合物,研究了T-ZnOw的光催化氧化降解性能.考察了甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、催化剂用量和粒径等因素对光催化氧化降解反应的影响.研究结果表明,纳米T-ZnOw光催化氧化降解甲基橙的反应遵循一级反应动力学规律;光催化剂纳米T-ZnOw的最佳用量为2g/L,此时经60min光催化降解后,甲基橙溶液的色度剩余率仅为8%;T-ZnOw粒子直径越小,光催化活性越高,效果越好.对比实验和重复实验结果表明,纳米T-ZnOw的光催化氧化降解效果比纳米TiO2和普通球形纳米ZnO粉体更好,是一种高效、长寿的光催化剂材料.     

生物柴油及其生产技术的进展

介绍了由可再生油脂原料衍生的环保燃料生物柴油在国内外应用现状,重点介绍了酯交换法制备生物柴油技术研究进展情况,展望了生物柴油产业在我国的发展前景。     

A study on performance and exhaust emissions of the steam injected DI diesel engine running with different diesel- conola oil methyl ester blends

Although biodiesels have low emission profiles, the main drawback of using biodiesel in diesel engines is higher NOx. Nowadays, the electronic controlled steam injection is a promising method for NOx control. This study investigates the effects of steam injection with diesel fuel-canola oil methyl ester (COME) blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel engine. Steam is injected into the inlet manifold during inlet period. The combustion of diesel-COME blends has been modeled using two zone combustion model. The results have been compared with each other in terms of performance and emissions. The maximum increments in engine torque and power were measured as 2.5% for 10% COME (B10) at 1200 rpm, 2.8% for 20% COME (B20) at 2200 rpm. The effects of steam injection on performance and emissions of the diesel engine running with B10 and B20 COME blends were also investigated. Satisfaction improvements have been obtained with the combination of steam injection and COME blends. The maximum torque of the engine running with B10 and 10% steam ratio combination (B10 + S10) and B20 and 10% steam ratio combinations (B20 + S10) were found as 2.4% at 1400 rpm and 0.6% at 1400 rpm, respectively. Significant reduction has been observed in NOx emission with B10-S10 combination. The reduction rate in NOx emissions were 22% with B10-S10 and 18% with B20-S10 at 1200 rpm. The study showed that steam injection is an effective tool for controlling NOx emissions without performance degradation in the diesel engines fueled with COME blends.     

Fatty acid/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends as form-stable phase change materials for latent heat thermal energy storage

Fatty acids such as stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), myristic acid (MA), and lauric acid (LA) are promising phase change materials (PCMs) for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) applications, but high cost is the most drawback which limits the utility area of them in thermal energy storage. The use of fatty acids as form-stable PCM will increase their feasibilities in practical LHTES applications due to reduced cost of the energy storage system. In this regard, a series of fatty acid/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends, SA/PMMA, PA/PMMA, MA/PMMA, and LA/PMMA were prepared as new kinds of form-stable PCMs by encapsulation of fatty acids into PMMA which acts as supporting material. The blends were prepared at different mass fractions of fatty acids (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% w/w) to reach maximum encapsulation ratio. All blends were subjected to leakage test by heating the blends over the melting temperature of the PCM. The blends that do not allow leakage of melted PCM were identified as form-stable PCMs. The form-stable fatty acid/PMMA (80/20 wt.%) blends were characterized using optic microscopy (OM), viscosimetry, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy methods, and the results showed that the PMMA was compatible with the fatty acids. In addition, thermal characteristics such as melting and freezing temperatures and latent heats of the form-stable PCMs were measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique and indicated that they had good thermal properties. On the basis of all results, it was concluded that form-stable fatty acid/PMMA blends had important potential for some practical LHTES applications such as under floor space heating of buildings and passive solar space heating of buildings by using wallboard, plasterboard or floor impregnated with a form-stable PCM due to their satisfying thermal properties, easily preparing in desired dimensions, direct usability without needing an add encapsulation and eliminating the thermal resistance caused by shell and thus reducing cost of LHTES system.     

A CONVENIENT DOMINANT SELECTION MARKER FOR GENE TRANSFER IN INDUSTRIAL STRAINS OF SACCHAROMYCES YEAST: SMRI ENCODED RESISTANCE TO THE HERBICIDE SULFOMETURON METHYL

The SMR1-410 gene of S. cerevisiae, encoding resistance to the herbicide sulfometuron methyl (SM), was used as a dominant selection marker in yeast replicating and yeast integrating vectors for the transformation of wild type strains of baking, brewing (ale and lager), distilling, wine and sake Saccharomyces yeasts. Transformation of lithium treated cells by a YEp vector resulted in transformation frequencies ranging from 200 to 8,000 transformants per 10 ug of DNA. Utilizing a yeast integrating vector with SMR1–410 as the only yeast DNA sequences, it was demonstrated that a single copy of SMR1–410 is sufficient to confer stably inherited SM resistance. Thus the SMR1–410 sequence has the unique ability to act as a selectable marker and to also provide a site for chromosomal integration. Since transformants were resistant to levels at least seven fold higher than wild type strains the resistance phenotype was clearly expressed and easily scored in all industrial strains tested. Unlike other selection markers derived from mammalian or bacterial cells, SMR1–410 is derived from S. cerevisiae. Thus industrial utilization of this marker as a means of genetically improving food and beverage strains of Saccharomyces yeasts by recombinant DNA technology is enhanced, as government regulatory agencies are likely to view it in a more favourable light.     

高压液相色谱法检测酸性乳饮料及酸奶中对羟基苯甲酸酯类

目的 建立酸性乳饮料及酸奶中对羟基苯甲酸甲、乙、丙、丁酯含量的高压液相色谱分析方法。方法 样品去蛋白后, 用甲醇提取, 提取液用高压液相色谱仪进行检测。结果 对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯在 0～10 μg/kg 范围内, 相关系数大于 0.999, 检出限分别为 0.48、0.45、0.47、0.49 mg/kg; 在 1、2、5 mg/kg 3 个加标水平下,样品中对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲 酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的加标平均回收率分别为 95.59%~104.52%、93.21%~108.05%、 97.75%~107.98%、97.48%~103.67%, 相对标准偏差均小于 10%。结论 本方法适用于乳与乳制品中对羟基苯 甲酸(尼泊金)甲、乙、丙、丁酯含量的测定需要。     

响应面法优化脂肪酶催化脂肪酸甲酯环氧化

以Novozyme 435脂肪酶为催化剂,在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面法优化了脂肪酸甲酯(FAMEs)环氧化工艺.选择反应时间、脂肪酶用量和H2O2与FAMEs双键的摩尔比为自变量,环氧值为响应值,建立了脂肪酶催化FAMEs环氧化体系的二次回归模型.优化后的工艺条件为:在不加脂肪酸氧载体的条件下,FAMEs 20 g,甲苯用量30 mL,脂肪酶用量3％(以FAMEs质量计),H2O2与FAMEs双键摩尔比1.7∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间5h.在此条件下,环氧值为4.82％,与模型预测值基本一致.     

Textural properties of gelling system of low-methoxy pectins produced by demethoxylating reaction of pectin methyl esterase

ABSTRACT:  After deesterification of commercial pectins with a pectin methyl esterase (PME), their gelling properties were characterized using instrumental texture analysis. The final degree of esterification (DE) of the high- and low-methoxy pectins reached approximately 6% after the PME treatment, while deesterification of low-methoxy amidated pectin stopped at 18% DE. Furthermore, DE of high-methoxy pectin was tailored to be 40%, which is equivalent to the DE of commercial low-methoxy pectin. As a result, significant changes in molecular weight (Mw) distribution were observed in the PME-treated pectins. The texture profile analysis showed that PME modification drastically increased hardness, gumminess, and chewiness, while decreasing cohesiveness and adhesiveness of the pectin gels ( P < 0.05). The pectin gel with relatively high peak molecular weight (Mp, 3.5 × 10⁵) and low DE (6), which was produced from high-methoxy pectin, exhibited the greatest hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience. The hardness of low-methoxy amidated pectin increased over 300% after PME deesterification, suggesting that the effects of amide substitution could be reinforced when DE is even lower. The partial least square regression analysis indicated that the Mw and DE of the pectin molecule are the most crucial factors for hardness, chewiness, gumminess, and resilience of gel matrix.