Microbial community changes with decaying chloramine residuals in a lab-scale system

When chloramine is used as a disinfectant, managing an acceptable “residual” throughout the water distribution systems particularly once nitrification has set in is challenging. Managing chloramine decay prior to the onset of nitrification through effective control strategies is important and to-date the strategies developed around nitrification has been ineffective. This study aimed at developing a more holistic knowledge on how decaying chloramine and nitrification metabolites impact microbial communities in chloraminated systems. Five lab-scale reactors (connected in series) were operated to simulate a full-scale chloraminated distribution system. Culture independent techniques (cloning and qPCR) were used to characterise and quantify the mixed microbial communities in reactors maintaining a residual of high to low (2.18–0.03 mg/L). The study for the first time associates chloramine residuals and nitrification metabolites to different microbial communities. Bacterial classes Solibacteres, Nitrospira, Sphingobacteria and Betaproteobacteria dominated at low chloramine residuals whereas Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria dominated at higher chloramine residuals. Prior to the onset of nitrification bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas were found to be dominant and Sphingomonas in particular increased with the onset of nitrification. Nitrosomonas urea, oligotropha, and two other novel ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were detected once the chloramine residuals had dropped below 0.65 mg/L. Additionally nitrification alone failed to explain chloramine decay rates observed in these reactors. The finding of this study is expected to re-direct the focus from nitrifiers to heterotrophic bacteria, which the authors believe could hold the key towards developing a control strategy that would enable better management of chloramine residuals.     

Microorganisms and Cellulose Digestion in the Gut of the Woodlouse Porcellio scaber

In the common woodlouse Porcellio scaber different parts of the gut were observed with respect to microbial counts, cellulose activity, and degradation of cellulose. Cellulose is mainly digested in the anterior part of the hindgut, as was indicated by the distribution of cellulolytic activity and the decrease of cellulose content inside the gut. The cellulases woodlice utilize for the degradation of litter are mainly produced by endosymbiotic bacteria in the hepatopancreas rather than by microorganisms ingested with the food. Microorganisms ingested with the litter are digested in the anterior part of the hindgut and may provide an important food source. In the posterior hindgut, bacterial proliferation ensures microbial colonization of feces.     

固定化微生物在水环境治理中的应用

针对城市水污染问题,采用固定化微生物技术提升水体污染物的降解率,有效净化城区黑臭水质。通过筛选水中土著微生物,从14株优势菌落中选择B2号微生物菌株为微生物聚落,采用绿沸石固定载体基质,通过吸附固定化工艺进行微生物固化。选择含氧量（COD）、磷酸盐含量（TP）和氨氮含量（NH₃-N）为净化指标评级对象,分析不同固定化微生物添加量、降解温度、降解时间等因素对固定化微生物去污影响,确定微生物降解率最高的生长环境为添加量5%、25 ℃,降解周期为24 h为最适宜降解环境。最适宜温度下的COD、TP和NH₃-N的降解效率分别为49.5%、70.0%、71.1%,相较于单独添加固化载体基质组以及添加游离态微生物组,对各项污染物降解率有了大幅度提升,能较好适用于城市黑水净化工程。     

厌氧发酵制氢研究进展

厌氧发酵制氢有很多的优越性,发展潜力大。引用了大量文献资料,全面介绍了目前国内外关于厌氧发酵制氢的研究情况,包括厌氧发酵制氢的发展动态及影响因素,最后提出了未来厌氧发酵制氢的发展趋势。     

膜法生产饮用水过程中纳滤膜生物污染的研究

研究了在地表水生产饮用水过程中纳滤膜上微生物的污染情况,以分子生物学方法研究其纳滤膜在不同过滤时间的主要污染生物种类。通过对膜的水通量、进出水的水质变化等条件进行膜污染的研究,其结果表明纳滤膜对水中生物去除效率很高;通过对提取不同时期污膜上微生物DNA进行PCR-DGGE指纹图谱聚类分析发现,在污染的纳滤膜上,变形菌纲、杆菌属的细菌则成为了优势细菌。研究为减轻膜生物污染的研究提供了理论基础。     

黄刺浆果不同组分多糖理化性质及生物活性的比较

综合体外抗氧化、降血糖及对肠道微生物的调节作用全面探究不同组分黄刺多糖(Berberi dasystachya polysaccharides, BDPs)的降血糖能力。采用分级醇沉制备不同组分BDPs:BDPs-70、BDPs-80及BDPs-90,通过高效凝胶渗透色谱、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜表征其初级结构,比较DPPH自由基和ABTS阳离子自由基清除率、还原力、α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率及其对嗜酸乳杆菌、大肠杆菌的影响。结果表明,BDPs-80的糖醛酸含量最高,BDPs-70、BDPs-80、BDPs-90重均分子质量分别为9 851、9 901、9 855 Da,且具有多糖特征吸收峰,为β-吡喃型多糖,表面结构均呈片状。3种多糖对DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基的清除率依次为:BDPs-90>BDPs-80>BDPs-70,BDPs-80的还原能力最优;对α-淀粉酶的抑制率:BDPs-90>BDPs-80>BDPs-70;对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率:BDPs-80>BDPs-90>BDPs-70。3种多糖作为碳源均能促进嗜酸乳杆菌增殖...     

浓香型白酒生产中耐酒精酵母菌的选育研究

以宋河酒厂窖泥、酒糟、酒厂废水为样品,从中分离出100株菌株,经初筛、复筛和酒精发酵试验,最终获得1株耐酒精度为18%vol酵母菌,编号为A16。通过单因素实验确定最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度30℃、p H值4.5、碳源为葡萄糖、氮源为复合氮源(酵母膏和蛋白胨的比例为2∶1)、无机盐为Mg SO4·7H2O、接种量为10%、转速100 r/min、装液量为150 m L/250 m L;通过正交试验确定培养基最佳配比为:葡萄糖25%,酵母膏2%,蛋白胨1%,Mg SO4·7H2O 1%,(NH4)2SO41%,KH2PO41%,菌株A16的酒精得率70%。     

大庆头台油田微生物驱油先导性矿场试验室内评价研究

选定进行微生物先导性矿场试验的大庆头台油田,有效孔隙度11.5%,平均渗透率0.125μm2,油层温度60～65℃,原油含蜡25%,凝固点31.5℃,地下粘度4.0mPap·s,地面密度0.8624t/m3,地层水矿化度627mg/L,pH值7～8。对筛选出的多株采油菌进行了室内评价,结果表明:6个菌种(P24,SHB,X2,RB,A白,AQ)在65℃下与头台原油共同发酵后,原油中轻组分增加,按参数∑C21/∑C22计算的增加率为41.0%～97.0%,以X2(97.0%)和SHB(94.0%)为最高;原油粘度(48.9mPa·s)下降17.7%～44.2%,以A白(44.2%)和SHB(41.5%)下降最多;发酵液pH值由7.0降至5.0～6.0,发酵液与原油间的界面张力(35.6mN/m)下降56.8%～66.3%;5个菌种(SHB,X2,P24,U1 6,A白)在45～65℃下都能生长,菌数达108～1010个/mL以上;7种菌(以上5种及AU1,5号)尺寸最大为1.2～2.4μm,与头台油藏的渗透率相适应;在渗透率0.559,0.581,0.590μm2的2个均质、1个非均质人造岩心上,水驱之后(水驱采收率33.1%,36.5%,53.6%)注入菌数为107～108个/mL的菌液0.3PV,继续水驱,流出液菌数为108～109个/mL,采收率提高6.08%,5.81%,4.60%,平均为5.81%。图2表6参5。     

高温高压条件下微生物驱油微观机理研究

采用微观透明可视仿真刻蚀储层模型,研究了3株产表面活性剂较多的好氧菌W18、DM-2和SH-1,2株产生物气较多的厌氧菌L1、4F,在高温高压条件下(65℃,10 MPa)驱油时形成的残余油状态,结合大量微观照相图讨论了驱油机理。5株菌在高温高压油藏中均能存活,驱油性能较好。生物气驱机理包括:气驱,气液界面滑动,原油膨胀降黏,气泡贾敏效应扩大水驱波及体积及气体进入盲端驱油。生物表面活性剂驱油机理包括:乳化分散剩余油,降低油水界面张力,剥离油膜。微生物降解原油也是驱油机理之一。图28表1参4。     

驱油微生物及其代谢产物对固体润湿性和原油物性的影响

从宋芳屯油田筛选到了3株驱油微生物,将其复合培养后具有产表活剂、产酸、产气活性.运用检测接触角的方法,研究了细菌的代谢作用及产物对固体润湿性的影响.结果表明,微生物具有剥离油膜的作用,并能使固体表面的润湿性向水湿方向改变,其中微生物代谢产生的表活剂发挥了重要作用.从糖和液体石蜡含菌培养体系的不同实验结果来看,虽然大体趋势是相同的,但液蜡的作用结果要好于糖.这是由于石英片的亲油性使它的表面覆盖一层液蜡,细菌因以液蜡为碳源而在其表面富集,进行在位繁殖产生局部高浓度表活剂所致.微生物的代谢作用和产物能显著改善原油粘度,但其代谢产物对蜡含量无影响.