Yeast viability during fermentation and sur lie ageing of a defined medium and subsequent growth of Oenococcus oeni

Interactions between the yeast strain used for primary oenological fermentation and the bacterium used to conduct subsequent malolactic fermentation were studied under model winemaking conditions. A commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast (strains, EC 1118, AWRI 835 and CY-3079) was grown in a defined medium whose composition approximated grape juice. Fermentations by all strains reached dryness, and retained a cell viability of greater than 90% upon completion of fermentation. Highest total viable cell number and percentage of viable cells were recorded for EC 1118. A sur lie ageing of the fermented medium over a 12 week period revealed a bi-phasic decay of culture viability for all strains. Thus 99% of cells had died within 2 weeks post-fermentation. Viabilities were then stable for the subsequent 4–6 week period before a second decline phase ensued and ended in either a minimal ( ca 100 CFU/mL, EC 1118) or no viable cells being detected at 12 weeks of ageing. The growth response of an Oenococcus oeni inoculum to yeast culture supernatants, previously aged for up to 12 weeks in the presence or absence of yeast lees, was evaluated in a bio-assay. In this way, yeast strains could be designated as being either inhibitory, neutral or stimulatory to the growth of O. oeni (strain Lc5p). Inhibition by supernatants of strain EC 1118 was evident, but found to be reduced by ageing the supernatant (with or without lees). Conversely, longer ageing on yeast lees increased the magnitude of the stimulatory response in O. oeni (strain Lc5p) to the supernatant from the wine yeast (strain CY-3079).     

罐装降脂减肥果茶生产工艺的研究

本文介绍了以各种中药材为主要原料 ,配以茶叶为辅料 ,运用先进的处理方法制备降脂减肥果茶的生产工艺、质量标准 ,并对确定生产工艺的几个主要问题进行了探讨     

耐高温微生物驱油提高低渗透油藏采收率先导性试验

胜利油田东辛高温低渗透油藏含蜡高,常温微生物无法存活,针对这一问题,引进美国NPC公司耐高温菌种,在Y6-16井组开展高温低渗油藏微生物驱油提高采收率研究和现场试验。施工后Y6-16井日增注52m3,表皮系数由施工前的2.069减小为施工后的-6.31,油层污染得到较好改善;原油含蜡量、胶质沥青质含量降低,轻质组分增加,重质组分降低;井组采收率提高5.09个百分点。     

Comparison of six methylation methods for analysis of the fatty acid composition of albacore lipid

Six methods widely used to produce methyl esters for the gas chromatographic determination of the fatty acid composition of a marine lipid were compared. Four acid-catalyzed methods (1% H₂SO₄: CH₃OH; 5% HCl: CH₃OH; 7% and 14% BF₃: CH₃OH) and two base-catalyzed methods [0.5M NaOCH₃: CH₃OH; (1:4) tetramethylguanidine: CH₃OH] were used.
The use of BF₃: CH₃OH (7% and 14%) gave a lower content of 18:1 n9 than the other methods and produced an artefact (2.7–3.2% of total fatty acid content) eluting between the 20:5 and 24:1 fatty acid methyl esters. No significant differences were obtained between the other four methods.
Accordingly the use of BF₃: CH₃OH for transmethylation of marine lipids is not recommended. Results obtained in the other four methods showed that all are comparable.     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOIL MICROBIAL QUALITY MEASUREMENTS OF BIOMASS QUOTIENT AND RESPIRATION QUOTIENT

The soil microbial biomass quotient (expressed as a percentage of the total soil organic carbon) and the specific rate of carbon-dioxide production by soil microbes (respiration quotient) are often used as indicators of stress on soil microbial populations. A low biomass quotient or a high respiration quotient is considered to be an indication of stress from, for example, toxicity from metals in sewage sludge applied to soils. These metabolic quotients are affected by a wide variety of other factors such as the biodegradability of soil organic-carbon amendments, plant inputs of organic carbon into soils, natural variations in microbial population sizes with depth, and in the rhizosphere of plants. These variations could be sufficiently large to make interpretation of changes in biomass quotient and respiration quotient, as a response to stress, problematical.     

Alkylated ureas: mineralization and evaluation as N sources

An incubation experiment was conducted for 11 weeks to study the mineralization of ten alkylated ureas and urea in soil. Six of the alkylated ureas viz. methylurea(MU), 1,3-dimethylurea(1,3DMU), 1,1-dimethylurea(1,1DMU), ethylurea(EU), 1,3-diethylurea(1,3DEU) and butylurea(BU) and urea mineralized during the experiment. Urea mineralized immediately, while alkylated ureas mineralized after an incubation period ranging from less than a week to four weeks (delay period of mineralization). The delay period increased in the following sequence MU < 1,3DMU < EU < BU < 1,1DMU < 1,3DEU, but after the delay period was over the compounds mineralized almost as rapidly as urea. The delay period varied according to the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group and their position with respect to each other on the molecule. It appeared to be specific for each compound and was apparently not influenced by the presence of urea or other alkylated ureas. This character can be used to develop mixture of various alkylated ureas to obtain N mineralization at the desired time. Rapid evolution of CO₂ and N₂O was observed during the mineralization of urea as well as alkylated ureas. Increase in soil pH was also observed during this period. The simultaneous ocurrence of these events suggested the formation of urea as an intermediate during the mieralization of alkylated ureas. None of the alkylated ureas showed adverse affect on emergence of wheat seedlings and except DEU and BU at high concentration no other alkylated urea showed any adverse effect on initial growth of wheat seedlings.     

Nutritive quality of the alkaloid-poor Washington lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus lindl var SF/TA) as a potential protein crop

Abstract : An alkaloid-poor line of Washington lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl var SF/TA) was developed in an experiment started in 1982. The nutritive quality (alkaloid content, protein and amino acids, fat and fatty acids. macro- and micronutrients, fibre, sugars) yields, and seed quality of this line were studied. The results show that the total alkaloid content was low and varied in different seeds from 226 μg g^?1 to 366 μg g^?1 of dry matter. The main alkaloid was lupanine, but 16 other alkaloids (including sparteine and gramine) were also present. The var SF/TA cannot yet be used for human nutrition without processing although it would be a valuable protein crop. The results confirm that seeds which look different also vary in chemical composition.     

基于微生物菌种资源库的图像智能检索系统研究*

在建设微生物菌种资源平台的基础上, 设计开发微生物菌种资源数据库管理系统,实现基于内容的Web图像智能检索系统.该检索系统采用B/S体系架构,可根据微生物菌种文本信息或图像的形状、纹理和颜色特征进行检索,有效提高了微生物菌种图像信息搜索的查准率、查全率和查找速度.     

The Importance of Free Fatty Chain Length on the Lipid Organization in the Long Periodicity Phase

The skin’s barrier ability is an essential function for terrestrial survival, which is controlled by intercellular lipids within the stratum corneum (SC) layer. In this barrier, free fatty acids (FFAs) are an important lipid class. As seen in inflammatory skin diseases, when the lipid chain length is reduced, a reduction in the barrier’s performance is observed. In this study, we have investigated the contributing effects of various FFA chain lengths on the lamellar phase, lateral packing. The repeat distance of the lamellar phase increased with FFA chain length (C20–C28), while shorter FFAs (C16 to C18) had the opposite behaviour. While the lateral packing was affected, the orthorhombic to hexagonal to fluid phase transitions were not affected by the FFA chain length. Porcine SC lipid composition mimicking model was then used to investigate the proportional effect of shorter FFA C16, up to 50% content of the total FFA mixture. At this level, no difference in the overall lamellar phases and lateral packing was observed, while a significant increase in the water permeability was detected. Our results demonstrate a FFA C16 threshold that must be exceeded before the structure and barrier function of the long periodicity phase (LPP) is affected. These results are important to understand the lipid behaviour in this unique LPP structure as well as for the understanding, treatment, and development of inflammatory skin conditions.     

A Degeneration Gradient of Poplar Trees Contributes to the Taxonomic,Functional, and Resistome Diversity of Bacterial Communities in Rhizosphere Soils

Bacterial communities associated with roots influence the health and nutrition of the host plant. However, the microbiome discrepancy are not well understood under different healthy conditions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that rhizosphere soil microbial diversity and function varies along a degeneration gradient of poplar, with a focus on plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and antibiotic resistance genes. Comprehensive metagenomic analysis including taxonomic investigation, functional detection, and ARG (antibiotics resistance genes) annotation revealed that available potassium (AK) was correlated with microbial diversity and function. We proposed several microbes, Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas, Mesorhizobium, Nocardioides, Variovorax, Gemmatimonadetes, Rhizobacter, Pedosphaera, Candidatus Solibacter, Acidobacterium, and Phenylobacterium, as candidates to reflect the soil fertility and the plant health. The highest abundance of multidrug resistance genes and the four mainly microbial resistance mechanisms (antibiotic efflux, antibiotic target protection, antibiotic target alteration, and antibiotic target replacement) in healthy poplar rhizosphere, corroborated the relationship between soil fertility and microbial activity. This result suggested that healthy rhizosphere soil harbored microbes with a higher capacity and had more complex microbial interaction network to promote plant growing and reduce intracellular levels of antibiotics. Our findings suggested a correlation between the plant degeneration gradient and bacterial communities, and provided insight into the role of high-turnover microbial communities as well as potential PGPB as real-time indicators of forestry soil quality, and demonstrated the inner interaction contributed by the bacterial communities.