稠油微生物开采技术现状及进展

综述了用微生物方法开采稠油的技术现状与进展，论题如下。①概述。②基本方法：异源微生物采油，包括微生物吞吐和微生物驱；本源微生物采油压大港孔店油田的实例。③主要机理，包括产表面活性剂，降解稠油中重质组分及其他。④技术研究，包括机理性、可行性及经济效益研究，列举了国内外6个实例。⑤现场应用，包括国外1个、国内6个实例。⑥该技术的优势及问题。参22。     

稠油微生物开采矿场试验研究——以克拉玛依油田为例

为了增加开发效益及进一步提高原油采收率,克拉玛依油田优选了混源采油菌组合,采用单井吞吐的生产方式,分两批对21口稠油开发井进行了微生物开采矿场试验。经采油菌作用,作业区的稠油粘度大幅度降低,在停止注蒸汽的情况下,大多数试验井都能达到经济产能,试验得到了较高的投资回报率。结果表明,所选用的采油菌组合对胶质、沥青质含量高的稠油作用效果显著,矿场试验的投资少、见效快、收益高。稠油微生物开采技术值得在克拉玛依油田的稠油开发中加以应用、推广。     

微生物修复含能材料污染场地的研究进展

微生物修复技术是通过高耐受且人工驯化微生物的代谢作用将污染场地中的有害污染物降解的修复技术。提高微生物降解效率、探究代谢途径与中间代谢产物是含能材料污染场地的微生物修复的关键,为此,研究简述了含能材料的污染现状,介绍了修复含能材料污染场地的常见方法,探讨了微生物修复含能材料污染场地的优势,总结了微生物修复含能材料污染场地的常见菌株、外部营养源和实际应用,同时梳理了各含能材料在微生物降解过程中产生的中间代谢产物,归纳了典型含能材料降解过程中的代谢途径,最后展望了微生物在修复含能材料污染场地的发展方向：研究具有优良生物刺激效果的生物制剂,分析降解含能材料微生物菌株的宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学和宏代谢组学,加强DNA、RNA、蛋白质和代谢物等方面的研究,通过转基因技术来提升微生物对含能材料的降解效果,以更好地激发微生物修复含能材料污染场地的潜力。     

Heterojunction Architecture of N‐Doped WO3 Nanobundles with Ce2S3 Nanodots Hybridized on a Carbon Textile Enables a Highly Efficient Flexible Photocatalyst

The availability of robust, versatile, and efficient photocatalysts is the main bottleneck in practical applications of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Herein, N‐WO₃/Ce₂S₃ nanotube bundles (NBs) are synthesized and successfully immobilized on a carbon textile, resulting in a flexible and conducting photocatalyst. Due to the large interfacial area between N‐WO₃ and Ce₂S₃, the interwoven 3D carbon architecture and, more importantly, the establishment of a heterojunction between N‐WO₃ and Ce₂S₃, the resultant photocatalyst exhibits excellent light absorption capacity and superior ability to separate photoinduced electron–hole pairs for the photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds in air and water media. Theoretical calculations confirm that the strong electronic interaction between N‐WO₃ and Ce₂S₃ can be beneficial to the enhancement of the charge carrier transfer dynamics of the as‐prepared photocatalyst. This work provides a new protocol for constructing efficient flexible photocatalysts for application in environmental remediation.     

脂肽生物表面活性剂在微生物采油中的应用

对从大庆油田分离到的一株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)ZW-3代谢的脂肽生物表面活性剂的理化性质(CMC值、乳化活性、对温度、矿化度的稳定性、降低油水界面张力能力)进行了测定,同时进行了物理模拟实验。研究结果表明,该脂肽表面活性剂具有优良的乳化和降低油水界面张力的能力,并可以适应油藏中复杂的环境,可提高采收率9.2%。在微生物采油中具有较好的应用前景。     

饲用微生物添加剂应用效果的研究及存在问题

本文研宄了动物肠道菌群与生产性能的关系。总结了国内外大量研究成果后发现,饲用微生物添加剂对仔猪、内鸡、肥育牛有较好的促生长作用和抗病防病作用。其主要作用机制为:维持肠道菌群正常化;调节营养物质的消化吸收;产生非特异性免疫调节因子及防止产生有害物质等。最后指出了微生物添加剂研究与应用中存在的问题,并提出了建议。     

次生生物甲烷与生物降解作用的判识——以准噶尔盆地腹部陆梁油气田为例

“次生生物气”是指原油遭受生物降解后生成的天然气,由于其成分几乎全部为甲烷,因此又称为“次生生物甲烷”。以准噶尔盆地陆梁油气田为例,基于天然气组分和稳定碳同位素组成,结合伴生原油的轻烃地球化学特征,系统研究了次生生物甲烷和生物降解作用的判识方法。研究表明：当热成因天然气与次生生物甲烷混合时,甲烷碳同位素组成变轻,天然气组分变干。同时,此类天然气通常与埋深(地温)和生物降解油藏密切相关。通过原油的轻烃化合物特征可以有效判别油藏是否遭受生物降解。次生生物甲烷的生成常常还伴随着原生热成因气中重烃气组分的选择性降解,造成天然气干燥系数变大,重烃气碳同位素组成富集¹³C,甚至发生倒转。目前使用的各类天然气成因判识图版只适用于原生热成因气,使用时必须充分考虑是否存在各类次生改造作用的影响。     

Phragmites stimulation and natural attenuation of indigenous microbial community accelerated bioremediation of oil contaminated soil

Illumina high-throughput sequencing method was used to reflect fluctuation of indigenous microbial community during phragmites stimulation process in this study. Results showed Proteobacteria, Fimicutes, and Actinobacteria were most influential in process, Firmicutes and Deinococcus-Thermus were positively affected by nutrient amendment. Firmicutes can be seen as indicator of degradation rate. Dietzia, Salinimicrobium, and Halomonas were the most dominant genus in both Phragmites and Blank setups. These results indicated phragmites addition improved the efficiency of biodegradation and significantly regulated the microbial community structure and functions during remediation process.     

多环芳烃污染土壤的化学氧化处理研究

以国内某焦化企业场地多环芳烃污染土壤为研究对象，研究了过硫酸钠作为氧化剂时，硫酸亚铁或次氯酸钠助剂的使用对修复效率的影响，同时通过对比阐述了硫酸亚铁及次氯酸钠在过硫酸钠氧化体系中的不同作用。结果表明：微量硫酸亚铁对过硫酸钠氧化土壤中多环芳烃起到催化作用，可显著提高多环芳烃去除效率；次氯酸钠可与过硫酸钠协同使用，达到共氧化的目的。     

Metabolic Regulation of Tumor Microenvironment with Biohybrid Bacterial Bioreactor for Enhanced Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by specific chemotherapeutic agents is often hampered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, a bacterial bioreactor E@Fe-DOX, is developed, to enhance ICD-mediated antitumor immunity by in situ manipulation of tumor metabolism-immune interactions. The E@Fe-DOX bioreactor is constructed by depositing doxorubicin-loaded iron-polyphenol nanoparticles on Eubacterium hallii, which can specifically target hypoxic tumor regions and release doxorubicin and Fe³⁺ to induce ICD. In addition, Eubacterium hallii can continuously convert intratumoral lactate to butyrate, which inhibits the polarization of pro-tumoral M2-like macrophages and improves the function of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, E@Fe-DOX promotes the formation of immune cell-aggregated tertiary lymph structures (TLS) to augment ICD-induced antitumor immunity. In murine tumor models, E@Fe-DOX significantly inhibits tumor growth and enhances immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Overall, the developed living biomaterial offers a promising strategy to potentiate cancer chemo-immunotherapy by continuously regulating the intratumoral immuno-metabolic microenvironment.