发酵食品中微生物多样性研究方法进展

发酵食品中的微生物是食品发酵体系中与发酵食品的品质和风味有着密切联系的组成成分.对发酵食品中微生物的多样性及其所扮演角色进行调查,能为改进传统食品发酵工艺、探究发酵食品风味形成机理等方面提供技术支持.文中介绍了目前研究发酵食品中微生物多样性的多种方法,并分析比较了各种技术方法的优缺点.     

电导微生物技术快速测定原料乳菌落总数的研究

从乳品电导率微生物学的角度研究了快速测定原料乳菌落总数的原理。向计算机(MALTHUS计算软件)中一一对应输入平皿菌落计数值的log值与检测时间，当输入50组以上数据时曲线自动生成。将电导测定方法与常规方法测定结果相比较，结果较理想。电导率微生物检测提供了传统微生物测试所不能比拟的优点。结果表明，该方法具有快速测定、方便、资料自动搜查、允许样品随时插入测试的优点，原料奶得以更快速的监测，适合用于原料乳的微生物指标的质量控制。     

DGGE技术及其在食品微生物研究中应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术是一种分析微生物区系分子指纹技术,具有可靠性强、重复性好、方便快捷等优点,已被广泛应用于微生物分子生态学领域研究。该文对DGGE技术基本原理及其在食品微生物中多样性分析、食品微生物动态监测、快速检测等应用进行综述,并对该技术局限性和应用前景进行评述。     

我国食品微生物定量风险评估的研究进展

近10余年来,我国政府重视食品安全并逐渐加强风险分析体系的构建和实施。根据历年来国家卫生与计生委的统计数据,表明由致病微生物导致的食物中毒发病率一直高于其他危害。食源性致病菌引起的食品安全风险是全球性问题,发展中国家面临的情况更为严峻,因此加强我国微生物定量风险评估以减少与发达国家的差距,从国家层面上势在必行。特别是2009年我国颁布实施《食品安全法》和2011年成立国家食品安全风险评估中心（ChinaNational Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment,CFSA）以来,已有不少针对国内具体食品致病菌情况开展的食品微生物定量风险评估（quantitative microbial risk assessment,QMRA）研究。本文对2000年至今我国已开展的QMRA研究,包括涉及的食品、致病菌、微生物预测模型、剂量-效应模型等进行详细综述。同时指出我国开展QMRA面临的技术性难题及解决方法,并对采用QMRA结果用于构建危害分析与关键控制点（Hazard Analysis and CriticalControl Point,HACCP）和食品安全目标（ food safety objective,FSO）以及执行目标（performance objective,PO）的应用前景进行探讨。建议加强风险评估与风险管理的互动交流、进一步完善风险监测、微生物限量制定和国际合作,在完善实施指南的基础上针对我国具体国情开展更多具有科学性和系统性的QMRA研究。     

Chemical and microbiological status and volatile profiles of mouldy Civil cheese,a Turkish mould‐ripened variety

The objective of this study is to characterise the gross chemical and microbiological status and identify the volatile compounds of mouldy Civil cheeses. A total of forty‐one samples were surveyed, and gross compositional status of the cheeses was (as mean values): 6.5 for pH, 6.2% for fat‐in‐dry matter, 51.8% for moisture and 15.3% for water‐soluble nitrogen (as% of total nitrogen). Chemical composition of the cheese samples varied widely. Mouldy Civil cheese has similar pH values and moisture contents when compared with blue‐type cheeses, but it has distinct feature for fat contents. The microbiological counts of the samples were found to be high and some samples contained coliform bacteria. A total of 95 volatiles, including esters (28), acids (6), ketones (12), aldehydes (3), alcohols (15), terpenes (10), sulphur compounds (3) and miscellaneous (18), were identified in the volatile fractions of the cheeses, and principal volatile groups were esters, alcohols and ketones.     

Effect on weaner pig performance and diet microbiology of feeding a liquid diet acidified to pH 4 with either lactic acid or through fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici

The effect of feeding newly weaned pigs acidified liquid diets was investigated. The control diet was acidified to about pH 4 with lactic acid (LA). A second diet of the same formulation was acidified to about pH 4 by fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici (PA). Forty‐eight weaner pigs (weight 7 kg±1 kg, age 24±4 days) were allocated to the two dietary treatments according to a randomised block design and fed ad libitum for 28 days. Food intake, daily gain and water intake were recorded, and a microbial assessment of the liquid diet was conducted. Reducing pH<4.0 in either of the liquid diets was effective in eliminating coliform bacteria. There were no significant differences in any of the performance parameters measured. The average daily liveweight gain overall was 474 and 496±17.8 g d⁻¹ for PA and LA, respectively, with a feed conversion ratio overall of 1.15 and 1.11±0.025 for PA and LA, respectively. Fermentation of liquid diets for newly weaned piglets could provide a more cost effective means of acidifying diets than the use of organic acids. Reducing the pH of the liquid diet to 4.00 by fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici was a cost effective method of eliminating enteropathogens and spoilage organisms from the diet. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

伯克霍尔德氏菌胞外酯酶催化己酸乙酯合成的研究

从变质的食用油中分离得到1株具有产己酸乙酯酯化酶能力的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.)X10,并对其发酵条件和酯化条件进行了优化。结果表明,该菌株最佳发酵条件为:淀粉4%,酵母膏3%,橄榄油4%,发酵液初始p H值6.5,培养温度30℃,转速180 r/min。最佳酯化条件为:己酸添加量2%,酯化温度35℃,酯化液初始p H4.6,振荡方式为连续振荡。优化条件下酯化酶活力由1.79 U/m L提高到3.53 U/m L,较优化前增加了97.21%。     

含砷废水处理研究进展

含砷废水的传统处理方法如物理法和化学法的不足之处是费用高、二次污染大、工程化程度小。微生物法在含砷废水处理方面的研究取得了显著进展,研究成果已投人工程应用。作者全面介绍了各种微生物方法,着重论述了活性污泥法处理含砷废水的可行性及其主要的影响因素,认为活性污泥法对含砷废水的处理有着广阔的应用前景。     

面向卓越工程师培养的微生物学实验教学改革探索与实践

为了推进卓越工程师教育培养计划在具体教学环节中的实施,分析了微生物学实验课程在生物工程专业卓越工程师培养中的地位与作用,提出了卓越工程师培养计划背景下该课程教学改革的思路,系统地研究了微生物学实验课程教学内容、教学模式、教学方法和手段、成绩考核方式的改革,构建了具有工程特色的微生物学实验教学体系,使学生在具备工程技术知识的基础上,获得工程师的基本训练,提高创新能力,培养满足社会需要的卓越工程师。