Recipient's mood, relationship type, and helping.

We conducted two studies to examine how a potential helper is affected by having a communal orientation toward a relationship with a potential recipient and by the potential recipient's sadness. We hypothesized that (a) having a communal orientation would increase helping and that (b) people high in communal orientation, but not others, would respond to a potential recipient's sadness by increasing helping. These hypotheses were tested in two studies. In Study 1, individual differences in communal orientation toward relationships were measured by using a new communal orientation scale reported for the first time in this article. In Study 2, manipulations were used to lead subjects to desire either a communal or an exchange relationship with another person. In both studies, subjects were exposed to a sad person or to a person in a neutral mood whom they were given a chance to help. As hypothesized, in both studies communally oriented subjects helped the other significantly more than did others. Also as hypothesized, in both studies communally oriented subjects but not others, increased helping in response to the other person's sadness although this effect reached statistical significance only in the second study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Culture and alexithymia: Mean levels, correlates and the role of parental socialization of emotions.

Two studies examined the relationship between culture and alexithymia. In Study 1, mean levels and correlates of alexithymia were examined in 3 cultures: European American (EA), Asian American (AA), and Malaysian college students. Both Asian groups had higher alexithymia levels than the EA group. Somatization was more strongly associated with alexithymia in the Asian groups than in the EA group. Mood and life satisfaction were associated with alexithymia in similar ways across groups. In Study 2, the relations among culture, gender, retrospective reports of parental socialization of emotions, and alexithymia were examined among EA and AA college students. Cultural and gender differences were found in alexithymia and emotion socialization levels. Most important, parental emotion socialization mediated the relations among culture, gender, and alexithymia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Job Strain or Healthy Work: A Question of Task Design.

Objectively evaluated task requirements were used to classify jobs causing high strain, low strain, and jobs conducive to personal development. Effects of these job characteristics on psychophysiological outcomes were tested in 241 employees by using 24-hr ambulatory assessment of blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and mood. Self-reports about job characteristics showed that employees working in jobs conducive to personal development perceived the highest job demands and decision latitude. They also showed a healthy cardiovascular behavior with increased diastolic BP at work and its strong unwinding at night. Although self-reports about job characteristics did not differ between low- and high-strain jobs, employees exposed to high-strain jobs had higher systolic and diastolic BP during work and more often a disturbed relaxation ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model.

To understand when and why mood states influence creativity, the authors developed and tested a dual pathway to creativity model; creative fluency (number of ideas or insights) and originality (novelty) are functions of cognitive flexibility, persistence, or some combination thereof. Invoking work on arousal, psychophysiological processes, and working memory capacity, the authors argue that activating moods (e.g., angry, fearful, happy, elated) lead to more creative fluency and originality than do deactivating moods (e.g., sad, depressed, relaxed, serene). Furthermore, activating moods influence creative fluency and originality because of enhanced cognitive flexibility when tone is positive and because of enhanced persistence when tone is negative. Four studies with different mood manipulations and operationalizations of creativity (e.g., brainstorming, category inclusion tasks, gestalt completion tests) support the model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inclusion-exclusion of positive and negative past selves: Mood congruence as information.

The current research challenges the widespread truism that recalling a positive self necessarily increases self-esteem, whereas recalling a negative self necessarily decreases self-esteem. Four experiments demonstrate that chronically happy people show a relative increase in self-esteem by recalling either a positive or a negative self. Chronically sad people, however, show a relative decrease in self-esteem by recalling either a positive or a negative self. These effects are due to divergent perceptions of mood congruence between the recalled self and the current self. Specifically, happy people perceive high mood congruence between a recalled positive self and the current self but low mood congruence between a recalled negative self and the current self. In contrast, sad people perceive high mood congruence between a recalled negative self and the current self but low mood congruence between a recalled positive self and the current self. Independent of chronic mood, mood congruence leads to perceptions of temporal recency, whereas mood incongruence leads to perceptions of temporal distance. In line with the inclusion-exclusion model of social judgment, perceived temporal recency elicits assimilation effects on self-esteem, whereas perceived temporal distance elicits contrast effects on self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between exposure to natural and urban environments and children’s self-regulation

Research suggests that children living in areas with more greenspace may have better self-regulation, but to date no studies have investigated this capacity immediately following exposure to natural vs. urban environments. To explore this, two studies using between-subjects experimental designs were conducted. Participants, between eight and eleven years old, completed a delay of gratification task (as an indicator of self-regulation) before and after a short (3 min) video of either a natural or built environment or a control display. Potential cognitive and emotional mechanisms underpinning any self-regulation effects were explored using a selective attention task (Stroop test) and by monitoring mood (adapted Cantril’s ladder). Results were mixed. Supporting earlier work, post-test delay of gratification scores were significantly better after exposure to a natural than urban environment, however, compared to controls, it appeared that this effect was due to the depleting effect of the built condition, rather than any restorativeness of the natural condition. Although we also found a marginally significant increase in mood after exposure to the natural environment, this did not mediate the effects of environment on self-regulation.     

唇妆与面部情绪

介绍了唇彩与情绪彩妆的概念及定义。唇彩与情绪彩妆已成为人们追求全面美容的一种方式。对唇彩及彩妆市场发展进行了分析。介绍了唇彩的包装及创新。提出情绪彩妆等概念性化妆品的推出,能为市场带来潜在的商机。指出了当前美容业的潮流。     

疏肝柴胡散对胆囊切除术后综合征的临床疗效及安全性

目的:探讨疏肝柴胡散联合胆舒胶囊和消炎利胆片对胆囊切除术后综合征的临床疗效及安全性。方法:将90例胆囊切除术后综合征患者按随机数字表法分为对照组（45例）和试验组（45例）,对照组给予胆舒胶囊2粒/次,3次/d,和消炎利胆片6片/次,3次/d,试验组在对照组治疗基础上给予疏肝柴胡散口服治疗,1剂/d。治疗1月后观察两组患者的临床疗效,腹痛、腹胀、纳差、恶心等临床症状和不良反应,采用焦虑自评量表评价（SAS）和自评抑郁量表（SDS）评价患者的不良情绪。 结果:试验组总有效率为97.78%（44/45）,高于对照组的77.78%（35/45）（P<0.05）。试验组的腹痛、腹胀、纳差、恶心积分分别为（0.94±0.52）、（0.86±0.45）、（0.73±0.47）、（0.72±0.41）分,显著低于对照组的（2.62±0.51）、（1.71±0.43）、（1.51±0.52）、（1.41±0.45）分（P<0.05）。试验组的不良情绪SAS评分和SDS评分分别为（42.64±7.35）、（32.37±7.09）分,显著低于对照组的（50.31±8.62）、（48.41±7.11）分（P<0.05）。两组患者均未见明显不良反应。 结论:疏肝柴胡散联合胆舒胶囊和消炎利胆片治疗胆囊切除术后综合征具有较好的临床疗效,可改善患者临床症状,提高患者治疗积极性,且无不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

A dimensional analysis of creativity and mental illness: Do anxiety and depression symptoms predict creative cognition, creative accomplishments, and creative self-concepts?

The link, if any, between creativity and mental illness is one of the most controversial topics in modern creativity research. The present research assessed the relationships between anxiety and depression symptom dimensions and several facets of creativity: divergent thinking, creative self-concepts, everyday creative behaviors, and creative accomplishments. Latent variable models estimated effect sizes and their confidence intervals. Overall, measures of anxiety, depression, and social anxiety predicted little variance in creativity. Few models explained more than 3% of the variance, and the effect sizes were small and inconsistent in direction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fluid cognitive ability is associated with greater exposure and smaller reactions to daily stressors.

The authors of this study investigated whether fluid cognitive ability predicts exposure and emotional reactivity to daily stressors. A national sample of adults from the Midlife in the United States study and the National Study of Daily Experiences (N = 1,202) who had a mean age of 57 years (SD = 12; 56% women, 44% men) completed positive and negative mood reports as well as a stressor diary on 8 consecutive evenings via telephone. Participants also completed a telephone-based battery of tests measuring fluid cognitive ability. Higher levels of fluid cognitive ability were associated with greater exposure to work- and home-related overload stressors. Possessing higher levels of fluid cognitive ability was associated with smaller stressor-related increases in negative mood, primarily for interpersonal tensions and network stressors, and smaller stressor-related decreases in positive mood for interpersonal tensions. Furthermore, fluid cognitive ability was unrelated to subjective severity ratings of the stressors reported. Discussion focuses on the role of fluid cognitive ability in daily stress processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)