人文精神与自然情怀的交响——《钻石人生》阅读札记

张晨义先生的散文集《钻石人生》饱蘸自然芬芳的浓墨建构了独特的情感空间。对美好生命的热烈礼赞,对一草一木的精细描摹,对春花秋月的深沉感喟,对岁月流淌的深情回眸,对理想人生的矢志不渝,对艺术世界的深切体悟,绵密而浑厚地经纬交织在一起,汇聚成蔚为大观的精神河流,记录了对大地的感恩和谢忱,勾勒出一幅幅鲜活的大地风情画。     

Caveat medicus--let the subliminal healer beware: Two experiments suggesting conditions when the effects of Silverman's Mommy and I Are One phrase are negative.

According to L. H. Silverman (1985), subliminal activation experiments document a universal wish for symbioticlike merger. A recent meta-analysis (R. A. Hardaway, 1990) was consistent with this proposition in revealing more adaptive behavior (Cohen's d?=?.41) after stimulation with Mommy and I Are One (MIO; L. H. Silverman, F. M. Lachman, & R. H. Milich, 1982) than after neutral control phrases. However, indications are that positive effects are not universal. On the basis of mood being a possible mediator of MIO effects, the authors conducted an experiment in which 10 women given a high "dose" of MIO were compared with 10 others given a neutral control stimulus. Effects on mood were gauged with a word selection task. In a second experiment with new participants, mood was assessed by means of early childhood memories. These experiments produced negative effects (Cohen's ds?=?–.40 and –.48) that were significantly different from the previous positive estimate (.41). Defense activity may explain why negative outcomes are not identified when crude or delayed outcome measures are used. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

蕉园村明清时期栖居环境的“情志”养生特征解析

“情志”养生理念主要关注如何通过调节人体形神之间的平衡关系促进健康,是古代中国人奉行的主要养生法则之一,已融入日常生活的方方面面,促进了一种“优居处、调情志、养性情”的栖居养生思想。文章选择“长寿之远近闻名”的肇庆蕉园村为研究对象,从研究《梁氏族谱》入手梳理其村落选址、宗族礼教、耕读生活等自然与社会环境特征,结合其长寿族人的性情、爱好、生活等细节记载,就发展至明清鼎盛时期的蕉园村栖居环境的养生特征进行解析。结果表明,肇庆蕉园村融自然山水于一体,赋宗族礼制、耕读文化、精神感知于其中,引人淡泊清心,致虚守静。这不仅是单纯的居住生存问题,更是修身养性、延年益寿的理想追求,其中蕴含的栖居养生思想对进一步完善现代健康人居环境体系具有积极启示。     

Risk and protective factors associated with trajectories of depressed mood from adolescence to early adulthood.

This study used semi-parametric group-based modeling to explore unconditional and conditional trajectories of self-reported depressed mood from ages 12 to 25 years. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 11,559), 4 distinct trajectories were identified: no depressed mood, stable low depressed mood, early high declining depressed mood, and late escalating depressed mood. Baseline risk factors associated with greater likelihood of membership in depressed mood trajectory groups compared with the no depressed mood group included being female, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino American, or Pacific Islander or Asian American; having lower socioeconomic status; using alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs on a weekly basis; and engaging in delinquent behavior. Baseline protective factors associated with greater likelihood of membership in the no depressed mood group compared with the depressed mood trajectory groups included 2-parent family structure; feeling connected to parents, peers, or school; and self-esteem. With the exception of delinquent behavior, risk and protective factors also distinguished the likelihood of membership among several of the 3 depressed mood groups. The results add to basic etiologic research regarding developmental pathways of depressed mood in adolescence and young adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological effects of thought acceleration.

Six experiments found that manipulations that increase thought speed also yield positive affect. These experiments varied in both the methods used for accelerating thought (i.e., instructions to brainstorm freely, exposure to multiple ideas, encouragement to plagiarize others' ideas, performance of easy cognitive tasks, narration of a silent video in fast-forward, and experimentally controlled reading speed) and the contents of the thoughts that were induced (from thoughts about money-making schemes to thoughts of five-letter words). The results suggested that effects of thought speed on mood are partially rooted in the subjective experience of thought speed. The results also suggested that these effects can be attributed to the joy-enhancing effects of fast thinking (rather than only to the joy-killing effects of slow thinking). This work is inspired by observations of a link between "racing thoughts" and euphoria in cases of clinical mania, and potential implications of that observed link are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Daily stress, coping, and well-being in parents of children with autism: A multilevel modeling approach.

This study used a repeated daily measurement design to examine the direct and moderating effects of coping on daily psychological distress and well-being in parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Twice weekly over a 12-week period, 93 parents provided reports of their daily stress, coping responses, and end-of-day mood. Multilevel modeling analyses identified 5 coping responses (e.g., seeking support, positive reframing) that predicted increased daily positive mood and 4 (e.g., escape, withdrawal) that were associated with decreased positive mood. Similarly, 2 coping responses were associated with decreased daily negative mood and 5 predicted increased negative mood. The moderating effects of gender and the 11 coping responses were also examined. Gender did not moderate the daily coping?mood relationship, however 3 coping responses (emotional regulation, social support, and worrying) were found to moderate the daily stress?mood relationship. Additionally, ASD symptomatology, and time since an ASD diagnosis were not found to predict daily parental mood. This study is perhaps the first to identify coping responses that enhance daily well-being and mitigate daily distress in parents of children with ASD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Anxiety sensitivity and the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis.

There has been significant interest in the role of anxiety sensitivity (AS) in the anxiety disorders. In this meta-analysis, we empirically evaluate differences in AS between anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and nonclinical controls. A total of 38 published studies (N = 20,146) were included in the analysis. The results yielded a large effect size indicating greater AS among anxiety disorder patients versus nonclinical controls (d = 1.61). However, this effect was maintained only for panic disorder patients compared to mood disorder patients (d = 0.85). Panic disorder was also associated with greater AS compared to other anxiety disorders except for posttraumatic stress disorder (d = 0.04). Otherwise the anxiety disorders generally did not differ from each other in AS. Although these findings suggest that AS is central to the phenomenology of panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, causal inferences regarding the role of AS in these anxiety disorders cannot be made. Moderator analyses showed that a greater proportion of female participants was associated with larger differences in AS between anxiety and nonclinical control groups. However, more female participants were associated with a smaller AS difference between anxiety and mood disorder groups. This finding suggests that AS is less robust in distinguishing anxiety from mood disorders among women. Age also moderated some observed effects such that AS was more strongly associated with anxiety disorders in adults compared to children. Type of AS measure used also moderated some effects. Implications of these findings for the conceptualization of AS in anxiety-related disorders are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex differences in coping styles and implications for depressed mood.

Based on a sample of young adults in Miami-Dade County, Florida, this paper examined the extent to which there were sex differences in 3 coping style types: problem focused, emotion focused, and avoidance focused (Endler & Parker, 1990). Further examined were the extent to which sex differences in coping styles could be explained by sex differences in chronic strain; the extent to which sex differences in depressed mood could be explained by sex differences in coping style; and whether the effects of different coping style types on depressed mood varied by sex. Results suggested somewhat complex relationships among sex, coping, chronic strain, and depression. No sex differences in the use of problem-focused coping were observed when statistical controls for socioeconomic status were applied; however, women more often used avoidance-focused techniques. Although female respondents more often used emotion-oriented strategies compared to male respondents, such use did not prove to be fundamentally harmful for women. In fact, the effects of using emotion-focused strategies, such as the expression of feelings, reduced depressed mood for women, but not for men. Implications for practice and policy are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Updating positive and negative stimuli in working memory in depression.

Difficulties in the ability to update stimuli in working memory (WM) may underlie the problems with regulating emotions that lead to the development and perpetuation of mood disorders such as depression. To examine the ability to update affective material in WM, the authors had diagnosed depressed and never-disordered control participants perform an emotion 2-back task in which participants were presented with a series of happy, sad, and neutral faces and were asked to indicate whether the current face had the same (match-set) or different (break-set or no-set) emotional expression as that presented 2 faces earlier. Participants also performed a 0-back task with the same emotional stimuli to serve as a control for perceptual processing. After transforming reaction times to control for baseline group differences, depressed and nondepressed participants exhibited biases in updating emotional content that reflects the tendency to keep negative information and positive information, respectively, active in WM. Compared with controls, depressed participants were both slower to disengage from sad stimuli and faster to disengage from happy facial expressions. In contrast, nondepressed controls took longer to disengage from happy stimuli than from neutral or sad stimuli. These group differences in reaction times may reflect both protective and maladaptive biases in WM that underlie the ability to effectively regulate negative affect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

寒地社区绿色空间对老年人主观幸福感影响——以长春市为例

在寒地恶劣气候条件下营造舒适的城市社区绿色空间,对老年人的健康促进、生活质量和幸福感提升具有重要意义。以寒地典型城市长春市为例,通过现场调研、问卷调查和街景图像等方法识别社区绿色空间和测度老年人主观幸福感,运用结构方程模型揭示绿色空间中不同因素对老年人主观幸福感的影响程度及路径,研究解决了老年群体主观幸福感的内涵界定、寒地社区绿色空间质量与幸福感的关系测度等重要问题。研究发现:1)绿色视觉暴露对老人自评健康和情绪情感影响最大;2)最近公园距离对老年人生活满意度影响最大;3)环境维护对情绪情感影响不显著。因此在规划寒地社区绿色空间时应以资源分配合理、服务公平为原则,增加休闲和商业设施数量以提高公园绿地吸引力,增设半开敞取暖活动设施以延长老年人绿地停留时长。