Modelling the influence of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids on apparent heat resistance of spores of Bacillus cereus NTCC 11145 and Clostridium sporogenes Pasteur 79.3

Heat resistance of spores is affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, water activity (aw) and others. Previous studies have reported that free fatty acids can affect the germination and growth of bacterial spores. In this study, we investigated the influence of free fatty acids in heating medium or in recovery medium on the heat resistance of spores of Bacillus cereus NTCC 11145 and Clostridium sporogenes Pasteur 79.3. Four free fatty acids were studied: palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids. During thermal treatments, the impact of these FFA in heating media was generally low, but the presence of free fatty acids in the recovery medium highly decreases bacterial spore apparent heat resistance, particularly with unsaturated fatty acids. A mathematical model was developed to describe and quantify the influence of free fatty acids in recovery media on the D-values. The z′_FFA parameter values which quantify the impact of free fatty acids were determined. The variation of this parameter value according to the free fatty acid type was compared with MIC value variation given in the literature. The model enables the decrease in D-values in the presence of free fatty acids to be estimated. The high concentrations of free fatty acids in liver or canned duck may explain the microbial stability with low sterilization values applied.     

Equations for Thermal Conductivity of Natural Refrigerants

Experimental results for the thermal conductivity of ammonia, propane, butane, isobutane, and propylene are reviewed, with special attention given to the liquid phase. New equations for the thermal conductivity of these five substances applicable for practical use over wide ranges of temperature and pressure including the critical region are proposed based on the experimental data. The present equations as well as the existing equations are compared with the experimental data. Compared with existing equations for ammonia, isobutane, and propylene, which are not reliable in the liquid phase, the behavior of the thermal conductivity for these substances is much improved using the present equations.     

液化天然气装置的类型与液化工艺

论述了液化天然气装置的类型,分析了天然气液化工艺的特点,展望了液化天然气在我国的应用。     

天然气置换后铸铁管承插接口漏气对策

分析了天然气置换人工煤气后铸铁管道承插接口漏气原理,介绍了4种解决方案:管道更换、PE管内衬、接口修补及燃气加湿,对其进行了技术经济比较。     

门站调压系统自动识别选路装置的设计

介绍了天然气门站调压系统中自动识别选路装置的设计原则,探讨了自动识别选路装置的结构及控制过程。当运行路超压切断或不能满足下游用气时,备用路能自动启动供气。当运行路超压时,运行路紧急切断阀关闭,而备用路紧急切断阀不动作。     

深圳市天然气安全应急储备及事故气源的研究

分析了深圳市建设天然气安全应急储备及事故气源的必要性,通过对深圳市天然气产业链中各环节之间相互关系的分析,提出了建设实施方案。     

煤矿工业建筑设计

煤矿工业建筑的设计要满足工艺流程的要求和结构体系本身规范的要求,还要体现人性化设计理念。本文通过对准备车间一个单体建筑的设计过程的总结,呼吁整个行业能重视人性化设计理念。     

Research on prevention and cure against heat-harm in constructing mines

With the mine exploitation depth getting deeper and deeper, the mine heat-harm turns into another natural disaster after the five disasters, which are the roof, the gas, the fire, the dust and the flood disaster. Compared with other researches on prevention and cure against the heat-harm, the research on prevention and cure against the heat-harm in constructing mine are less. Referring to the experience of prevention and cure against the heat-harm home and ＇abroad, analyzing the characteristic of cooling in the constructing mine, and based on the ground former freezing equipments and the modified mine temporary cooling equipments, the paper proposed four technical projects. By comparing with the four technical projects, the second project is preponderant both in technology and economy and can solve the heat-harm of the constructing mine, which is proved by the forecast and calculation. The project can be widely applied in de-temperature tasks of high temperature and heat-harm mines during the mine constructing period and in the exploiting preparing phase.     

The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites

The goal of this study was application of corn starch and ground walnut shells in various amounts by weight as biofillers of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Additionally, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used to increase the activity of biofillers and to improve the curing characteristics of NR composites. The effect of biofillers used and their modification with aminosilane or ionic liquid on the curing characteristics of NR composites and their functional properties, including crosslink density, mechanical properties in static and dynamic conditions, hardness, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging were investigated. Starch and ground walnut shells were classified as inactive fillers, which can be used alternatively to commercial inactive fillers, e.g., chalk. BmiCl and APTES were successfully used to support the vulcanization and to improve the dispersion of biofillers in NR elastomer matrix. Vulcanizates with starch, especially those containing APTES and BmiCl, exhibited improved tensile properties due to the higher crosslink density and homogenous dispersion of starch, which resulted from BmiCl addition. NR filled with ground walnut shells demonstrated improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging. It resulted from lignin present in walnut shells, the components of which belong to polyphenols, that have an antioxidant activity.