15N同位素在华北冬小麦夏玉米氮营养来源研究中的应用

小麦-玉米一年两作是华北平原最主要的种植方式之一,对保障国家粮食安全至关重要。阐明该种植体系作物氮营养来源定量组成对区域养分资源管理、施肥制度优化、作物营养状况调控都具有十分重要的意义。¹⁵N作为氮元素的一种稳定同位素,其示踪技术在农田氮肥去向,作物氮营养来源等农业生产领域得到广泛应用。本文主要概述了¹⁵N同位素技术在研究当季施入化肥氮、前茬残留化肥氮、播前土壤固有硝态氮对华北冬小麦-夏玉米氮营养贡献中的具体应用方法、实例及相关研究结果,并对叶面肥氮、还田秸秆氮、大气沉降氮等其他氮营养来源的研究进行了展望,以期为该种植体系养分资源管理以及施肥制度优化提供理论参考。     

某部推进剂作业人员膳食营养素摄入状况调查

目的：了解某部推进剂作业人员的膳食情况,并对其食物构成、营养素含量进行分析,以指导推进剂作业人员合理膳食、改善营养状况、提高机体抵抗力.方法：选取某部南、北方两个伙食单位,采用称重法进行连续5d的膳食调查.结果：推进剂作业人员脂肪类食物摄入过多,谷物类摄入偏少;能量、蛋白质、尼克酸摄入量接近军标;维生素E、维生素C、铁、硒摄入量超过军标;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、钙、锌摄入量不足,均未达军标.结论：推进剂作业人员膳食结构不合理,呈现高脂肪、低碳水化合物的膳食趋势;同时存在某些营养素超标而另一些营养素缺乏的现象.应减少脂肪摄入,增加蔬菜、水果、牛奶、海产品、豆类及制品的摄入,合理调整膳食结构.     

花椒籽残渣对姬菇的生理指标及营养成分的影响研究

以棉籽壳为主料,添加不同含量的花椒籽残渣为辅料进行姬菇的栽培,研究结果表明,添加一定量的花椒籽残渣对菌丝体以及姬菇的生长速度、子实体外形、出菇周期、干湿重、营养成分等有显著影响。当花椒籽残渣含量达到50%(wt/wt)时,姬菇子实体菌盖直径最大达13～17cm、高5～7cm、菌柄粗3～5cm,在一定的时间范围内,姬菇出菇次数最多可达7潮,姬菇子实体总湿重最大达471.63g,粗脂肪含量最低为0.97%,多糖含量最高达2.59%,蛋白质含量最高可达53.34%,是普通姬菇的2.39倍,对培养高蛋白、低脂肪的食用菌具有突破性意义。     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility and immune response of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus

BACKGROUND: Probiotics are being developed for use in animal feed to enhance production performance and prevention of gastrointestinal infections. The ban on using antibiotics as growth promoters, antibiotic resistance and the inherent problems of developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternatives for in‐feed antibiotics. The alternatives of choice have to be considered under the environmental conditions of the animal. Among the probiotics in use today, Lactobacillus has been shown to play a vital role in disease prevention, immune enhancement, improved growth and carcass yield in poultry. The present study investigates the effect of Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB)‐based probiotic on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broilers under tropical environmental conditions. RESULTS: Broilers fed LB diets consumed more feed (P < 0.05) and had greater body weight gain than the control group. Feed/gain ratio improved significantly (P < 0.05) with the 20, 40 and 60 mg kg^?1 LB diets compared with the control or 80 mg kg^?1 LB diet. The apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and fat increased with LB supplementation. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in fibre digestibility. White blood cell count increased significantly in broilers fed higher levels (>40 mg kg^?1) of LB compared with the control group. Antibody production measured as antibody titre against Newcastle disease vaccine showed a curvilinear response over the range of LB concentrations examined. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that LB addition to broiler chick diets significantly improved growth performance, increased nutrient digestibility and stimulated humoral immune response. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

结核病患者膳食多样化及营养素摄入情况调查分析

目的:了解结核病患者各类营养素摄入情况及膳食多样化水平。方法:采用横断面调查方法,随机抽取山东省临沂市结核病患者1095人,采用24h膳食回顾方法及食物频率法调查结核病患者营养素摄入情况。膳食多样化评分(DDS),按1周内每消费1类食物计1分,2类食物计2分,总分不超过9分,分析并评价其饮食行为。结果:结核病患者DDS均值为5.06分,得4分者比例达到20.9%;不同性别的DDS值存在差异,女性显著高于男性(p<0.05)。结核病患者的DDS值与年龄之间存在显著负相关关系,相关系数为-0.145(p<0.05)。体重指数在18.5—25.0之间的肺结核患者DDS分值逐渐降低,相关系数为-0.73(p<0.05)。膳食调查结果显示:结核病患者每人日能量平均摄入量为1681kcal,仅为推荐摄入量(RNI)的70.03%。钙和锌摄入量分别为272.27mg和7.53mg,仅为RNI的34%和49%,视黄醇当量(238.67μg)、硫胺素(0.49mg)和核黄素(0.51mg)摄入水平严重偏低,不足RNI的50%。结论:结核病患者多种营养素摄入不足,膳食结构有待改善。     

Satisfying America's Fruit Gap: Summary of an Expert Roundtable on the Role of 100% Fruit Juice

The 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recognize the role of 100% fruit juice in health and in helping people meet daily fruit recommendations and state that 100% fruit juice is a nutrient‐dense beverage that should be a primary choice, along with water and low‐fat/fat‐free milk. The DGAs note that children are consuming 100% fruit juice within recommendations (that is, 120 to 180 mL/d for children aged 1 to 6 y and 236 to 355 mL/d for children aged 7 to 18 y). Evidence shows that compared to nonconsumers, those who consume 100% fruit juice come closer to meeting daily fruit needs and have better diet quality. In children, 100% fruit juice is associated with increased intakes of nutrients such as vitamin C, folate, and potassium. When consumed within the DGA recommendations, 100% fruit juice is not associated with overweight/obesity or childhood dental caries and does not compromise fiber intake. Preliminary data suggest that polyphenols in some 100% fruit juices may inhibit absorption of naturally occurring sugars. Given its role in promoting health and in helping people meet fruit needs, experts participating in a roundtable discussion agreed that there is no science‐based reason to restrict access to 100% fruit juice in public health nutrition policy and programs such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Reducing or eliminating 100% fruit juice could lead to unintended consequences such as reduced daily fruit intake and increased consumption of less nutritious beverages (for example, sugar‐sweetened beverages).     

血液透析患者膳食营养素摄入状况调查

目的：了解血液透析患者的膳食情况,并对其食物构成、营养素含量进行分析,以指导合理膳食,改善营养状况,更好地配合临床治疗。方法：采用膳食记录和24h回顾法对患者进行连续3d的饮食调查,根据2004、21309年版《中国食物成分表》计算出每日营养素的摄入量,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量进行比较评价。结果：大部分血液透析患者膳食中谷类、蛋类摄入偏低,肉、奶、蔬莱、水果摄入不足。食物组成中以米、面、谷类摄入为主,杂粮摄入较少;肉食品以猪肉为主,海产品及蛋类、奶类摄入较少。营养素摄入中能量和蛋白质的摄入水平偏低;钠过量;钙、镁、磷等宏量元素和锌、铁、铜、硒、锰等微量元素摄入不足;维生素B,、维生素B,、维生素c等均未达到RNI要求。结论：我院血液透析患者膳食摄入普遍不足,膳食结构不合理,应根据个体情况进行调整。     

农村结核病患者与健康人群营养素摄入及食物多样化水平对比分析

目的：膳食营养可影响结核病发生发展和预后,本文调查结核病患者膳食营养素摄入状况及存在的问题,为指导患者合理营养膳食提供科学依据。方法：选取某农村地区结核病患者1955人为病例组,正常人群1955人为对照组,两组人群进行了良好的匹配,平均年龄、性别比例相近,生活习惯及家庭条件相似。应用食物频率表收集调查对象消费的食物种类,24h膳食回顾法收集调查对象膳食营养素摄入情况。结果：膳食调查结果显示,结核病患者每日能量和蛋白质摄入量分别为I712kCal和65．73g,仅达到推荐摄入量的71．55％和87．64％,且明显低于健康对照组人群的1855kCal（P〈0．001）和70．36g（P〈0．001）;一些维生素及矿物质每日摄入量也明显不足,其中结核病患者视黄醇和钙的摄入量仅分别为320．59μg视黄醇当量和295．69mg,为推荐摄入量40．08％和56．96％,也明显低于对照组平均水平（P均小于0．0001）。膳食多样化评分（DDS）结果显示,两组人群DDS评分均为6．51,日常饮食能保持7种及以上食物组成的人数比例病例组和对照组分别可达到52．94％和49．16％;而有5．78％结核病患者得分仅为5分,即日常饮食的食物种类只有5类,明显高于对照组人群的2．66％;2．10％结核病患者得分仅为2分,也明显高于对照组的1．18％,表明结核病患者膳食单调或种类单一。食物消费种类结果显示,结核病患者食物以谷类为主,可达gO％以上,鱼虾类和奶类消费率低,仅为25．58％和57．08％;同样的问题也存在于对照组人群。结论：农村结核病患者及健康人群能量、视黄醇、钙等营养素摄入量偏低,结核病患者不足更为突出,与膳食不平衡有关;建议积极改善营养及膳食结构,有效防治结核病。     

基于GIS和SWAT模型的清江流域面源污染模拟研究

 水体面源污染评价研究是一项复杂的工作,涉及面广和要求有较长时间序列的数据。面源污染模型很大程度上依赖于对于流域的特征描述的相关参数,因此提高输入模型参数的精度,有利于提升流域面源污染的径流、泥沙和营养物质的产出模拟效果。GIS和面源污染模型的有机结合是当前面源污染模拟研究最有效的方法。本研究建立了基于GIS的基础数据库,其中包括DEM、土壤类型、土地利用、气象数据以及农业耕作管理数据等。面源污染模拟的产生和形成具有很大的不确定性,这更加增加了监测和控制面源污染的难度。探索影响面源污染的主要因素,研究其不确定性对于提出和制定污染控制措施至关重要。本研究进行了清江流域面源污染的参数敏感性分析,根据观测数据对SWAT模型进行验证和率定,并利用SWAT模型进行模拟,揭示了清江流域面源污染的时空分布特征,确定了清江流域水土流失风险区。结果表明清江流域的面源污染主要发生在丰水期,不同的土地利用方式、农业耕作制度以及降水等是影响径流量和营养物质产生的主要因素。     

Experimentation of a new mode of batch culture for lactic acid bacteria: cell reuse with an initial period of cell reactivation at acidic pH

Cell reuse was compared with conventional batch culture for lactic acid fermentation, the objective was to simplify the batch process and to alleviate the need for added nitrogen. At high levels of nitrogen supplementation to the culture medium (20 g dm^?3 yeast extract and 5 g dm^?3 each of tryptic and pancreatic casein peptones), similar mean production rates were obtained with partial cell reuse and the conventional batch process, without any additional gain when cells were initially reactivated at acidic pH. On the other hand, cell reuse with an initial period without pH control appeared particularly effective for low levels of nitrogen supplementation (5 g dm^?3 yeast extract): a 57% increase in the mean production rate with regard to the conventional batch process was obtained. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry