生物有机无机复合肥对土壤性质的影响

进行了化肥、传统有机肥、生物有机肥、有机无机复合肥和生物有机无机复合肥的田间比较试验.试验结果表明(1)生物有机无机复合肥可以提高冬小麦产量, 比其它处理高 11.73%～105.80%,差异极显著.(2)生物有机无机复合肥可降低土壤pH值和土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度.(3)生物有机无机复合肥可显著提高土壤微生物活性.与不施肥处理比较,土壤细菌增加了165.38%,真菌增加了189.47%,放线菌增加了48.72%,总量增加了104.07%,其增加量高于其它处理.土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性也都有明显提高,促进了土壤有机质的分解转化和速效养分的释放.(4)生物有机无机复合肥可不同程度地提高土壤全量养分和速效养分,提高土壤肥力.     

Fertilizer requirements for specified yield targets. II. Field verification of mathematical models for the estimation of soil and fertilizer nutrient efficiencies

Sugarcane response data from field experiments conducted between May 1979 and August 1981 on a sandy clay loam soil (Udic Haplustalf) of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu State, India were used in the present investigation. Soil () and fertilizer () nutrient efficiencies for the amount of fertilizer required for specified cane yield targets were computed from this data by three procedures, viz., conventional deduction procedure, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Model I [TNAU Model I] and Model II [TNAU Model II].In the case of nitrogen, both TNAU Model I and TNAU Model II gave more realistic estimates of and than those determined by the conventional deduction procedure. The differences in the predicted amounts of fertilizer nitrogen required between these two models were well within the permissible limits of variation indicating that both these approaches can be followed for the amount of nitrogen required for specified yield targets.The Olsen's procedure for available phosphorus estimation was inadequate to explain the relationship between soil available phosphorus and sugarcane response as indicated by results obtained using the TNAU Model II. The incorporation of the term in this model caters for the actual situation in the field in respect of the relationship between soil and fertilizer phosphorus availabilities and phosphorus uptake by sugarcane proving usefulness of this model for assessing the amount of phosphorus required for specified cane yield targets.The results indicated that a considerable amount of potassium from the soil reserve was released into the soil available pool due to a priming effect. This fraction was preferentially absorbed by sugarcane compared to the fractions extracted by 0.1 N HNO₃ as indicated by results obtained using the TNAU Model II. In this case too, the actual situation regarding the relationship between soil and fertilizer potassium availabilities and potassium uptake by sugarcane is catered for by this model proving its superiority over the other two procedures for assessing the amount of potassium required for specified yield targets.     

A predictive model for the reactor inorganic suspended solids concentration in activated sludge systems

A simple predictive model for the activated sludge reactor inorganic suspended solids (ISS) concentration (excluding that from chemical precipitant dosing) is presented. It is based on the accumulation of influent ISS in the reactor and an ordinary heterotrophic organism (OHO) ISS content (fiOHO) of 0.15 mg ISS/mg OHO organic (volatile) suspended solids (VSS) and a variable phosphate accumulating organism (PAO) ISS content (fiPAO) proportional to their P content (fXBGP). Organism ISS content is conceptualized as the uptake of dissolved inorganic solids by active organisms, which when dried in the total suspended solids (TSS) test procedure, precipitate and manifest as ISS. The model is validated with data from 22 investigations conducted over the past 15 years on 30 aerobic and anoxic-aerobic nitrification-denitrification (ND) systems and 18 anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic ND biological excess P removal (BEPR) systems variously fed artificial and real wastewater, and operated from 3 to 20 days sludge age. The predicted reactor VSS/TSS ratio reflects the observed relative sensitivity to sludge age, which is low, and to BEPR, which is high. To use the model for design, two parameters need to be known: (1) the influent ISS concentration, which is not commonly measured in wastewater characterization analyses and (2) the P content of PAOs (fXBGP), which can vary considerably depending on the extent of anoxic P uptake BEPR that takes place in the system. Some guidance on the measurement of influent ISS concentration and selection of the PAO P content to calculate the mixed liquor VSS/TSS ratio for design is given.     

The effect of residual ammonia concentration under aerobic conditions on the growth of Microthrix parvicella in biological nutrient removal plants

It is demonstrated with two parallel single reactor intermittently aerated nitrification denitrification systems fed municipal wastewater as influent, that Microthrix parvicella bulking can be stimulated and cured by manipulating the ammonia concentration in the aerobic period (by inhibiting the nitrifiers) to high and low values respectively. The proliferation or not of M. parvicella is hypothesized to be due to their requirement for ammonia as a nitrogen source for growth. In terms of this hypothesis, if nitrification is rapid and complete, ammonia is not freely available and will limit M. parvicella growth. If nitrification is not complete for whatever reason, ammonia is available for the growth of the slow growing M. parvicella, enabling their proliferation to cause a bulking sludge. This hypothesis does not overturn or replace the anoxic-aerobic (AA, or low Food/Microorganism, F/M, ratio) filament bulking hypothesis of Casey et al. (Water SA 25(4) (1999) 425) but appears to be additional to it. Future research will focus on determining how elements of both hypotheses superimpose on the conditions in BNR systems, to produce an AA filament bulking sludge or not.     

Pasture intake and substitution rate effects on nutrient digestion and nitrogen metabolism during continuous culture fermentation

A continuous culture system was used to investigate ruminal digestion in response to increased pasture intake and three different substitution rates (SR) in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The treatments were 1) low pasture (55 g dry matter (DM)/d, 2) medium pasture (MP, 65 g DM/d), 3) high pasture (75 g DM/d), and 4) pasture (45 g DM/d) plus concentrate (PC, 30 g DM/d). Treatments were designed to produce a low (0.33), medium (0.67), and high (1.00) SR (g of pasture/g of concentrate) by contrasting the low, medium, and high pasture intake treatments with the pasture plus concentrate treatment, respectively. Pasture was fed at 0630, 1000, 1730, and 2100 h, and concentrate at 0600 and 1700 h. Digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber were not affected by the amount of pasture. As the amount of pasture increased, pH decreased linearly, and total volatile fatty acid and NH3-N concentrations, and nonammonia N and bacterial N flows increased linearly. Concentrate supplementation did not affect DM digestibility at high SR but increased DM digestibility at low SR. Concentrate supplementation reduced pH and NH3-N concentrations at the three SR. Concentrate supplementation reduced the ratio of rumen degradable N to rumen degradable organic matter; however, the mechanism depended on the SR. High SR, concentrate supplementation reduced rumen degradable N, which reduced NIH-N concentration without affecting bacterial N flow. At low SR, concentrate supplementation increased rumen degradable organic matter, which reduced NH3-N concentration and increased bacterial N flow. Based on these results, at low SR, concentrate supplementation may enhance animal performance because of higher total DM intake and synthesis of microbial protein.     

旱地长期施肥对土地生产力和肥力的影响

本文总结了半干旱黑垆土区 1 990～ 1 999年长期定位施肥的试验结果 .有机肥在提高旱地生产力和土壤肥力方面起着主导作用 .在施入等量氮磷养分下 ,平均有机肥增产 4 6 6% ,有机肥 化肥增产4 4 8% ,化肥增产 2 2 4 % .施肥后效和土壤肥力均随施肥量的增加而提高 .后效的增产率在 3年内的约占原施肥处理的 1 / 4～ 1 / 3.     

Improvement of treatment efficiency of thermophilic oxic process for highly concentrated lipid wastes by nutrient supplementation

The biodegradation of highly concentrated lipid wastes was conducted by a thermophilic oxic process (TOP). In order to improve the treatment efficiency of TOP, the stimulatory effect of nutrient supplementation was examined. A model nutrient supplement that satisfied the essential components necessary to promote degradation of lipid wastes was developed. The importance of balanced nutrient supplement consisting of organic and inorganic components was demonstrated. Regardless of the source of either vegetable oil or animal fat, the combination of 1.5 g of yeast extract, 1 g of urea and 60 ml of trace-element solution was effective to stimulate the degradation of 15 g of lipids by TOP. With this combination, degradation efficiencies of 68% and 77% in a 120-h treatment were attained for salad oil and lard, respectively. The conversion ratio of degraded lipid materials to CO2 was 0.91, confirming the advantage of TOP, i.e., very low excess sludge generation. The effectiveness of the model nutrient supplement for stimulating the degradation of lipid materials by TOP was also confirmed when tested on three kinds of actual highly concentrated lipid wastes. A constant degradation efficiency of around 60% in a 120-h treatment was attained for all lipid wastes although further improvement of degradation efficiency was possible by some nutrient addition into the model supplement combination. Based on the model nutrient supplement, the essential components for stimulating oil degradation by TOP and the possible alternative materials for the model nutrient supplement were discussed. The results demonstrated the possibility of employing TOP (stimulated by nutrient supplement) as a new biological treatment strategy for highly concentrated lipid wastes.     

马尾松-火力楠混交林营养元素与养分循环研究

对马尾松-火力楠混交林生态系统的营养元素分布与生物循环进行了研究,并以马尾松纯林作对照.在纯林和混交林生态系统中,5种主要养分元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的总贮量分别为176.29 t.hm-2和188.00 t.hm-2,其中土壤层的养分贮量分别占生态系统总贮量的98.10%和98.7%,其次是乔木层(分别占1.73%和1.18%),林下植被层的养分贮量最小(约占0.05%).混交林和纯林的养分年净积累量分别为196.76 kg.hm-2.a-1和100.60 kg.hm-2.a-1,年吸收量分别为357.96 kg.hm-2.a-1和213.52 kg.hm-2.a-1.N、P、K在混交林中的周转时间较纯林短,而Ca、Mg则相反.混交林对N的利用系数最大,对Ca的利用系数最小;纯林对Mg的利用系数最大,对P的利用系数最小.     

从中外膳食模式比较看科学饮食营养

合理的膳食结构、良好的饮食习惯与方式、合适的营养素比例以及平衡膳食，是保证人体正常生理功能和健康的必要措施。科学的膳食营养会给人们带来健康的体魄。通过中外膳食模式的比较，得出中国居民的理想膳食模式，是以谷类为主、多吃果蔬、常食奶类、豆类和适量的鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉类，保持进食量与体力活动的平衡。维持适当体重。     

利用根霉发酵发芽黑豆前后营养、活性和风味成分的变化

以河南、云南、黑龙江、内蒙古和福建5个不同产地的黑豆为研究对象,通过测定γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）含量、溶栓酶活性、大豆异黄酮含量等指标,并对电子鼻分析结果进行主成分分析（PCA）和聚类分析（CA）,比较不同产地的发芽黑豆利用中国根霉12#发酵前后的营养、活性及挥发性风味成分变化。结果表明,云南产地的发芽黑豆发酵处理后γ-氨基丁酸、大豆异黄酮、氨基酸态氮含量均高于其他产地,分别高达（6.68±0.07） mg/g、（4.57±0.04） mg/g、（0.91±0.05） g/100 g;黑龙江产地发芽黑豆发酵处理后,其溶栓酶活性为（1 032.94±88.08） IU/g,显著高于其他产地的溶栓酶活性（P＜0.05）,其挥发性成分种类增加最多,2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛、3-羟基-2-丁酮等含量以及挥发性风味成分电子鼻分析响应值均为最高。根据营养成分分析,云南产地的黑豆质量较优,根据溶栓酶活性和风味分析,黑龙江产地的黑豆质量较好。