云南昌宁蔗区不同耕层土壤养分的垂直分布

研究了蔗园土壤养分的垂直分布特征。结果表明:(1)不管是在旱地蔗园还是在水田蔗园,0～30cm土层的有机质、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾等主要养分含量明显高于30～60cm的土层,但全氮、全磷、全钾在0～30cm土层与30～60cm土层之间没有明显的变化。(2)旱地蔗园的有效铁、有效锰和有效铜0～30cm土层比30～60cm土层高,有效锌含量在0～30cm的土层与30～60cm的土层之间变化不大。     

Evaluation of the nutritional quality of four unexplored aquatic weeds from northeast India for the formulation of cost-effective fish feeds

A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of four commonly available, unexplored aquatic weeds namely, Salvinia cuculata, Trapa natans, Lemna minor and Ipomoea reptans from northeast India for ascertaining their suitability for utilization as supplementary fish feed with the aim to reduce the cost of commercial feeds. Results of proximate analysis showed that the crude protein content of the aquatic weeds ranged between 11.0% and 32.2% (w/w), whereas crude fibre and ash contents varied between 4.2% and 20% (w/w), and 13.3% and 31.2% (w/w), respectively. Protein to energy ratio (P/E) of these weeds ranged between 30.7 mg/kcal and 95.3 mg/kcal and the highest value was displayed by I. reptans. All these aquatic weeds contained high amounts of vitamins E and C and mineral elements required for the normal growth and development of fish.     

Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Viable Alternative for Small Community Treatment Systems

Waste stabilization ponds are widely used in many European countries, such as France and Germany, for the treatment of wastewater from mainly small communities. There would seem to be no reason why they should not also be a suitable treatment process for populations of under 2000 in the UK. The relative advantages and disadvantages of ponds are compared to other small community treatment systems, such as rotary biological contactors, biological filters and reed-bed systems, particularly in relation to effluent standards with respect to algae, nutrient removal and relative costs.     

Analysis of long-term and seasonal river water quality changes in Latvia

An analysis of long-term historical records of the concentrations of major ions, TDS and nutrients for 20 river sites in Latvia is reported. Periods of water quality observations ranged from 15 to 43 years. A study of the quarterly adjusted time series showed that characteristic features of the data are non-normal distributions, seasonality, serial correlation and presence of significant trends that are mostly positive. The application of state-of-the-art software, based on non-parametric statistics such as the Seasonal Kendall slope estimator and the Seasonal Hodges-Lehmann estimator, made it possible to investigate these water quality records more accurately than other methods allow.Typical seasonal variations and concentration-discharge relationships were analyzed for different constituents. It was shown that fertilizer application and marsh land reclamation can cause widespread and intensive river water quality changes. Concentration increases of as much as 5–10 times that of background values were detected for NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, Na⁺ + K⁺ and SO₄²⁻. The main water quality changes took place in the 1960s and the early 1970s when fertilizer applications and reclamation works increased. After that, concentration increases for constituents other than NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ were statistically insignficiant. The significant increases for NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ were probably due to the additional impact of increased atmospheric deposition. The results of long-term changes of river loads entering the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga from Latvian territory are examined.     

Eutrophication problems in Emilia Romagna,Italy: Monitoring the nutrient load discharged to the littoral zone of the Adriatic Sea

The deteriorating eutrophic state of the northern Adriatic Sea led to the commissioning of a study between 1977 and 1979 to identify the sources and forms of the nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen discharged from the basin of the river Savio. The study investigated the reduction in the phosphorus load in sewage per head of population caused by a reduction in the phosphorus content of detergents used in the basin and by the use of septic tanks. The flow and nutrient loads carried by the river were monitored during dry and wet weather to establish annual nutrient loads carried to the sea. An extensive sampling programme was carried out to quantify the principal sources of nutrients of which the most important were pig farming, Man and chemical fertilisers. An attempt was made to balance the nutrient loads discharged from the basin.     

Water quality assessment of a recently refilled reservoir: The case of Bütgenbach Reservoir, Belgium

Bütgenbach Reservoir is situated in the High Ardennes plateau in eastern Belgium (50°25′N; 6°13′E). It is used principally for flood control and for production of hydroelectric energy. It has been subjected to a previous series of studies because of its eutrophication problems and their impacts on the local economy. Bütgenbach Reservoir was emptied during spring 2004 for dam restoration, being refilled in mid‐September of the same year. Selected physicochemical and biological parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, inorganic and organic nutrients, chlorophyll‐a) were measured fortnightly during the lake's productive season (mid‐April to mid‐October 2005) at three sampling sites throughout the water column. The water quality conditions after refilling of the lake were compared to previous studies accomplished at the same sampling sites (prior to emptying the lake). The actual trophic status was mesotrophic to eutrophic, based on the combination of total phosphorous and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, as well as water transparency. Bütgenbach Reservoir generally exhibits good water quality, based on the French water quality system SEQ‐eau. A longitudinal decrease in water quality was observed from upstream to downstream, because mainly of the differences in lake bottom morphology and water residence time, and their impacts on nutrient distribution in the lake.     

Spatio‐temporal trends of nutrients and physico‐chemical parameters on lake ecosystem and fisheries prior to onset of cage farming and re‐opening of the Mbita passage in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria

Many large lake ecosystems are experiencing increasing eutrophication and persistent cyanobacteria‐dominated algal blooms affecting their water quality and ecosystem productivity because of widespread non‐point and point nutrient sources. Accordingly, the present study utilized data of July 2003 and January–February 2004, as well as previous measurements of nutrients and physico‐chemical variables (electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, turbidity and chlorophyll‐a), to characterize the spatial and temporal trends, as a means of better understanding the factors influencing lake environmental conditions, as support tools for long‐term ecosystem management and for better understanding the long‐term trends and effects. Inshore gulf areas were found to represent zones of maximum nutrient concentrations, compared to the deep main lake zones, with significant inter‐parameter correlations. Phosphorus, silicon and chlorophyll‐a concentrations were significantly correlated. Water electrical conductivity was also significantly and positively correlated with soluble reactive silicon (SRSi), alkalinity hardness DO, while exhibiting a negative association with water transparency. Water turbidity and transparency, electrical conductivity, and SRSi concentrations clearly describe a gradient from the gulf into the main lake. For such a shallow gulf, these findings suggest primary productivity is influenced mainly by the availability of nutrients, light transparency and the extent of availability of resuspended nutrients. The increasing eutrophic state of Lake Victoria is a serious concern since it contributes to an increased potential of more frequent occurrences of cyanobacterial blooms, a potential public health risk to both humans and wildlife. Improved understanding of influences from previous fish species introductions and concomitant changes in indigenous fish species, increased lake basin population and anthropogenic activities, water hyacinth resurgences, sustainability of biodiversity, and current interests in cage farming, are among the major concerns and challenges facing the contemporary Lake Victoria. The trends regarding nutrients and physico‐chemical characteristics are intended to support better monitoring efforts and data to promote the lake's ecosystem services and the sustainable management of the lake ecosystem.     

大型水库热分层的水质响应特征与成因分析

为研究大型水库热分层期间水质的响应特征及成因,于2018年4月-2018年12月对大黑汀水库坝前水体的水温及溶解氧等理化指标进行了连续性垂向监测,在此基础上分析了大黑汀水库季节性热分层变化规律以及各水质指标的响应特征.结果表明:(1)大黑汀水库水体呈典型的单循环混合模式,热分层期间,溶解氧在垂向分布同样表现出季节性变化...     

Factors structuring macroinvertebrate communities in a headwater stream and its springs in the Upper Austrian Limestone Alps

The Almbach, a headwater stream in the Upper Austrian foothills of the Alps bordered by mountain pastures was studied to gain insight into the benthic macroinvertebrate community and its habitat. Two springs, one of them fenced in to prevent livestock access, and two more sites of the headwater section were investigated. A discriminant analysis (DA) based on hydrochemistry and phytobenthos revealed three functions with 86% of all samples correctly classified to the four sites. The first function clearly separated the two springs with phosphorus and oxygen as the most important discriminating factors. Spring sites and headwater sites were split up by the second function mainly due to nitrate concentration, but no differences could be detected for the two stream sites. With the exception of the fenced spring, indicator taxa could be assigned to all sites by means of an Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). Polyvalent taxa groups such as Gastropoda and Ostracoda were indicators for the unfenced spring site. This is in accordance to observed low abundances of sensitive plecopteran taxa and suggests a negative impact of livestock trampling on the invertebrate community. Redundancy Analysis explained 99% of the macroinvertebrate‐environment relation. The first axis separated springs from stream sites and was correlated with nitrate, pH, water temperature and phytobenthos eveness. Phosphorus was responsible for splitting the unfenced spring and the downstream station from the fenced spring and the upstream location along the second axis. Ephemeropteran taxa like Habrophlebia sp. were related to elevated pH, increased water temperature and low nitrate concentrations. In accordance to the ISA, nitrate played an important role for tolerant Gastropoda and Ostracoda at the unfenced spring. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.