不同熟制度牛肉的品质变化研究

选用品质相同的澳洲优质牛里脊肉制作牛排,分别测定其在三成熟、五成熟及七成熟时的烹饪失水率、持水力、剪切力、TPA物性、p H、水分、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、灰分等,并建立感官评定小组进行感官评价。结果表明,烹饪失水率和持水力受牛肉的熟制程度影响较大。在质构特性上,三成熟与五成熟牛肉无显著差异,与七成熟牛肉差异显著。在营养成分上,牛肉的粗脂肪与水分含量逐渐降低,蛋白质与灰分含量无显著变化。从三成熟到七成熟的牛肉p H逐渐增大,表明加热过程带有轻微的排酸作用。感官评分上,七成熟牛肉的得分最高,此时牛肉的风味能最大限度地体现出来,嫩度与肉质纤维均保持最佳。      

基于GreenSeeker的烟田管理分区研究

利用GPS在研究区确定20m间隔的取样点101个,在烟株移栽后40天和60天利用主动冠层光谱仪GreenSeeker测定各样点烟株冠层的归一化植被指数(NDVI),并运用克里格插值获取NDVI空间分布图,利用模糊c-均值聚类方法对烟田进行精准管理分区研究,同时利用植烟前土壤养分及烟叶产量数据对分区结果进行评价。结果表明:研究区域的最佳分区数是5个,且分区间各土壤养分含量及烟叶产量均达到显著或极显著性差异。说明利用GreenSeeker获取烟株的植被指数并进行管理分区的划分是有效可行的。      

辐射处理对水果品质影响的研究进展

为给水果辐射保鲜的研究与应用提供参考,本文综述了辐照技术对水果生理代谢、感官品质、营养成分及加工品质的影响。提出应加强电子束对水果保鲜机理及辐照工艺、辐射降解果品中农药残留的机理和工艺研究,探讨辐照技术降低水果致敏性的可行性。应根据不同种类水果的生理特点和贮藏特性,将辐射保鲜与其他保鲜技术有机结合起来,以降低辐照成本、提高保鲜效果。     

Water quality and growth of phytoplankton for the Yellow River estuary reservoirs—The nutrients release from reservoir sediments

Effects of nutrients released from sediments on eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs were not well known in China. In the test, the release conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sediments were observed by batch experiment. The test results revealed that the content released is correlated to the initial content of organic matter in sediments. In the Gengjing area, when the water quality of waterway, grit chamber and reservoir were compared, the water quality of the waterway was the highest, and lowered in the order of the grit chamber and the reservoir. The grit chamber could get not only fine sand removal but also the organic substance, nitrogen, phosphorus and phytoplankton, therefore it is important to operate and maintain the grit chamber to preserve the water quality of the reservoir. Due to little organic substance in sediments, ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus weren’t released during the incubation. But from the absorptiometric turbidity unit (ATU) test results, although the release of ammonium concentration was very low, ammonium oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing bacteria existed in sediments.     

挤压营养强化米的贮藏稳定性研究

研究挤压营养强化米的营养成分的贮藏稳定性。以实验室自制的挤压营养强化米为原料,研究其在不同的包装方式及不同的贮藏环境下各营养成分的变化情况。结果表明：不同的包装方式和不同的贮藏环境对挤压营养强化米的营养成分均有不同程度的影响,4℃、罐装贮藏条件是挤压营养强化米的最佳贮藏条件,在此条件下将挤压营养强化米贮藏180d,其VC和VD3的保存率可达80%以上,VB的保存率可达95%以上,酸价在1.0mg/g以下,水分含量在8%以下。     

改进型分段进水厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺强化营养物去除

In order to enhance phosphorus removal in traditional step-feed anoxic/oxic nitrogen removal process,a modified pilot-scale step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (SFA²/O) system was developed,which combined a reactor similar to UCT-type configuration and two-stage anoxic/oxic process.The simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacities and the potential of denitrifying phosphorus removal,in particular,were investigated with four different feeding patterns using real municipal wastewater.The results showed that the feeding ratios(Q₁)in the first stage determined the nutrient removal performance in the SFA²/O system.The average phosphorus removal efficiency increased from 19.17% to 96.25% as Q₁ was gradually increased from run 1 to run 4,but the nitrogen removal efficiency exhibited a different tendency,which attained a maximum 73.61% in run 3 and then decreased to 59.62% in run 4.As a compromise between nitrogen and phosphorus removal,run 3 (Q₁=0.45Q_total) was identified as the optimal and stable case with the maximum anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of 1.58mg·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1.The results of batch tests showed that ratio of the anoxic phosphate uptake capacity to the aerobic phosphate uptake capacity increased from 11.96% to 36.85% with the optimal influent feeding ratio to the system in run 3,which demonstrated that the denitrifying polyP accumulating organisms could be accumulated and contributed more to the total phosphorus removal by optimizing the inflow ratio distribution.However,the nitrate recirculation to anoxic zone and influent feeding ratios should be carefully controlled for carbon source saving.     

驼乳营养成分分析与真实性鉴别研究进展

驼乳是西北地区的重要特色乳源之一;含有丰富的蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、氨基酸、维生素、矿物质等多种营养成分;具有良好的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌和免疫调节活性。驼乳营养成分受多种因素影响;其含量在不同条件下差异明显。此外;由于驼乳的稀有性及独特的营养成分;其价格高于普通牛乳;市场上常出现利益驱动的驼乳掺假问题。本文综述基于蛋白组学、代谢组学和脂质组学等先进的组学技术揭示不同物种、种、品种、产地、季节、饲养条件、泌乳阶段及加工工艺等因素对驼乳营养成分的影响;以及基于特征成分的驼乳真实性鉴别研究进展;为驼乳营养成分开发、高值化利用和产业健康发展提供理论指导。     

Advection,growth and nutrient status of phytoplankton populations in the lower River Murray,South Australia

To investigate the link between river flow, nutrient availability and development of algal blooms, growth rates of the major phytoplankton species were examined in situ in the lower River Murray, South Australia over the 1994/1995 summer. Eight sites were selected over a 54 km reach between Lock 1 and Nildottie and growth rates estimated by monitoring mean cell density in time‐aligned parcels of water as they travelled downstream. Discharge at Lock 1 during the period of study (3000–5000 ML day⁻¹) typified summer entitlement flows to South Australia. A large, shallow floodplain lake (lagoon), with an hydraulic connection to the river, supported a large population of cyanobacteria in summer, but inputs to the main channel did not substantially affect the abundance and composition of river phytoplankton. Mean net growth rates of Anabaena circinalis and A. flos‐aquae f. flos‐aquae were 0.132 and 0.176 day⁻¹, respectively, although individual rates varied from positive to negative. In contrast, the mean growth rate of the filamentous diatom Aulacoseira granulata was −0.15 day⁻¹, reflecting a decrease in population size with advection downstream. Mean cell densities of the three species did not exceed 5000 cells mL⁻¹ throughout the study. Growth bioassays conducted in the laboratory indicated that nitrogen was often the nutrient limiting algal growth, although it was not established whether nitrogen was limiting in situ. A conceptual model is presented, linking these findings with those of other work on the lower River Murray, to summarize the physical and chemical environmental factors governing the abundance of cyanobacteria in this reach of the river. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting phytoplankton composition in the River Thames,England

Phytoplankton were sampled fortnightly in summer and monthly in winter for 33 months to determine temporal and spatial variations in taxonomic structure and relate these to the physical and chemical environment. Using canonical correspondence analysis, environmental variables selected by stepwise regression were found to be correlated with the major variable(s) determining phytoplankton composition. An improved proportion of explained variance was achieved by classifying data into three seasonal subsets. The highest percentage of explained variance in phytoplankton composition was achieved for the months March to May (36·5%), the lowest variance explained was for the period June to September (28·6%). Within each season, general linear modelling was used to predict taxa responses to variations in particular environmental variables. Taxa responses to discharge are presented as examples for determining river management policies. The rationale of conceptual models and the empirical models used for this study are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.