有机与非有机大豆的营养成分分析及近红外鉴别

目的 分析有机与非有机大豆的营养成分差异,建立有机与非有机大豆的快速鉴别方法。方法 测定40份有机与非有机大豆的蛋白质、脂肪、水分、大豆苷和染料木苷含量并进行差异性分析;采集大豆的近红外光谱,基于主要营养成分以及近红外光谱结合不同预处理采用偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)建立有机与非有机大豆的快速鉴别模型;通过PLS-DA模型筛选对于区分有机与非有机大豆有重要贡献的近红外光谱特征波段以建立最佳的快速鉴别模型。结果 有机与非有机大豆在蛋白质、水分和染料木苷含量上不存在显著性差异,但有机大豆的脂肪和大豆苷含量显著高于非有机大豆。仅基于主要营养成分建立的鉴别模型显示出较低的模型参数和预测正确率,而基于近红外光谱及其与主要营养成分结合建立的模型具有较高的模型参数和预测正确率。对于区分有机与非有机大豆有重要贡献的近红外光谱特征波段是5974～5372 cm^-1以及5064～4000 cm^-1,这两个特征波段的近红外光谱吸收峰与脂肪、黄酮类物质以及蛋白质官能团的振...     

Analysis of the Impacts of the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, on Nutrients,Water Clarity,and the Chlorophyll-Phosphorus Relationship in Lower Green Bay

Zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, invaded Green Bay, Lake Michigan in the early 1990s. In 1986, prior to zebra mussel invasion, the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District initiated a long-term water quality monitoring program involving 12 stations in three distinct zones along a trophic gradient in lower Green Bay. We analyzed this data set pre and post invasion using various regression models to determine the impacts of the zebra mussel on water clarity, nutrient concentrations, and the relationship between chlorophyll and phosphorus in this system. Following zebra mussel invasion, Secchi depths did not change in all three zones. Chlorophyll a concentrations decreased post zebra mussels in all zones. These differences were attributed to the filter feeding abilities of zebra mussels. Lower Green Bay exhibits a strong trophic gradient and zebra mussel impacts on the chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship differed between the three zones. We saw no changes in the chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship in zone 1, zone 2 appeared to be a transition zone with slight changes in the chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship, and in zone 3 there was evidence of an altered chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship post zebra mussels. These results indicate that the impact of zebra mussels on water quality parameters and on chlorophyll-phosphorus dynamics may differ depending on initial trophic status and on zebra mussel densities.     

Dissolution tests as a tool for predicting bioaccessibility of nutrients during digestion

Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of active ingredients (like vitamins, antioxidants, etc.) into food systems is often compromised by factors like low permeability and/or solubility within the gut, lack of stability during food processing (temperature and oxygen) as well as in the gastrointestinal tract (pH, enzymes, presence of other nutrients). Moreover, little is known on the influence of food structure and breakdown in the gut on nutrient release. The possibility of predicting the release of nutrients from food matrices under simulated gastrointestinal conditions is of great relevance in order to define which food matrix is best for which nutrient, as well as for looking at the interaction of ingredients with the enzymes involved in the digestive process. This study explores the potential relevance of dissolution tests as a tool for predicting bioaccessibility of nutrients during in vitro digestion. Whey protein hydrogels containing green tea extract (GTE) were chosen for this study. Different simulated in vitro gastrointestinal conditions (GI) were applied throughout the dissolution experiments and the GTE was analysed by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. It was possible to distinguish between two different release kinetics when experiments were performed in simulated gastric or intestinal media. In the gastric step, the kinetic of GTE release was lower than in an intestinal environment, suggesting that more GTE is released and available for absorption into the intestine than in the stomach. The present study shows that it is possible to use the dissolution tester as a screening method to mimic nutrient release from a food matrix in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Polyphenols and the Modulation of Gene Expression Pathways: Can We Eat Our Way Out of the Danger of Chronic Disease?

Plant-derived dietary polyphenols may improve some disease states and promote health. Experimental evidence suggests that this is partially attributable to changes in gene expression. The rational use of bioactive food components may therefore present an opportunity to activate or repress selected gene expression pathways and, consequently, to manage or prevent disease. It remains to be determined whether this use of bioactive food components can be done safely. This article reviews the associated controversies and limitations of polyphenol therapy. There is a paucity of clinical data on the rational use of polyphenols, including a lack of knowledge on effective dosage, actual chemical formulations, bioavailability, distribution in tissues, the effect of genetic variations, differences in gut microflora, the synergistic (or antagonistic) effects observed in extracts, and the possible interaction between polyphenols and lipid domains of cell membranes that may alter the function of relevant receptors. The seminal question of why plants make substances that benefit humans remains unanswered, and there is still much to learn in terms of correlative versus causal effects of human exposure to various nutrients. The available data strongly suggest significant effects at the molecular level that represent interactions with the epigenome. The advent of relatively simple technologies is helping the field of epigenetics progress and facilitating the acquisition of multiple types of data that were previously difficult to obtain. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and the epigenetic changes associated with the consumption of polyphenols that illustrate how modifications in human nutrition may become relevant to health and disease.     

谷物加工过程对营养素的影响

以谷物中各营养素和功能性物质为基点,详细阐述了近年来谷物加工过程对营养素影响的研究进展。     

多点肥料效应函数方程分类与土壤养分相关性研究

采用主成分分析方法对多点动态肥料试验聚类分析结果与土壤养分间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,土壤氮素状况是分类的第一主因子,磷素状况是第二主因子,有机质含量是第三主因子。确定类肥料效应函数应用范围的主要依据是土壤碱解氮和全氮含量,其次是土壤有效磷含量,再次是土壤有机质含量。     

宁夏农田土壤耕层养分含量的时空变化特征

根据土壤普查资料和实际采样测定结果,探讨了宁夏山区和灌区农田土壤耕层有机质和氮磷钾养分含量的时空变化特征。结果表明,在1970年、1985年和2000年3个时段内,土壤有机质、有效磷和碱解氮含量呈显著或较显著增长态势,土壤速效钾含量近15年在灌区明显下降,土壤氮磷钾全量养分在30年间没有明显变化。从两个地区比较来看,除土壤全磷量外,土壤有机质和其它养分含量都是灌区显著高于山区,而变异系数除土壤全钾外都是山区显著大于灌区。     

云南昌宁蔗区不同耕层土壤养分的垂直分布

研究了蔗园土壤养分的垂直分布特征。结果表明:(1)不管是在旱地蔗园还是在水田蔗园,0～30cm土层的有机质、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾等主要养分含量明显高于30～60cm的土层,但全氮、全磷、全钾在0～30cm土层与30～60cm土层之间没有明显的变化。(2)旱地蔗园的有效铁、有效锰和有效铜0～30cm土层比30～60cm土层高,有效锌含量在0～30cm的土层与30～60cm的土层之间变化不大。     

糯米糍荔枝叶片矿质养分含量充足范围的确定

对深圳市4个典型丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片7种矿质养分(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锌和硼)含量的统计分析表明:采样地点和生育时期均对叶片营养元素含量有显著的影响。四个关键生育时期(末次秋梢老熟期、花芽形态分化期、谢花期和果实成熟期)的单株样与混合(多株)样的供试矿质养分含量之间大部分没有显著差异。本研究根据丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片混合样的分析结果提出了7种矿质养分的充足含量范围。