降雨径流中玉米芯营养素淋出及吸附特性

为评估玉米芯作为生物滞留设施中填料土添加剂的可行性,通过理化性质测试、摇床淋出试验、等温吸附试验,与现有添加剂柳木屑、陶粒、稻壳生物炭进行对比,研究玉米芯的理化性质和营养素的淋出及吸附特性。结果表明：玉米芯轻质多孔,具有较大的比表面积和阳离子交换量,其氮磷含量低,有丰富的含氧官能团;以玉米芯作为添加剂,在去离子水的淋洗作用下,氮磷营养素淋出量低、淋出速度快,在降雨径流中氮磷营养素淋出量降低,淋出速度减缓;在营养素质量浓度为2 mg/L的典型降雨径流中,玉米芯可吸附25 mg/kg的NH⁺₄和79 mg/kg的PO■,相较于其他材料,玉米芯吸附效果突出。玉米芯可作为填料土添加剂用于生物滞留设施中,施用玉米芯可降低填料土营养素淋出风险,提升生物滞留设施对降雨径流中污染物的吸附和去除效果。     

Phytoplankton primary production, chlorophyll-a and nutrient concentrations in the water column of mountainous Lake Phewa, Nepal

The seasonal patterns of phytoplankton primary production, chlorophyll‐a concentration, cell number and several other limnological variables in Lake Phewa, located in the active monsoon zone in Central Himalaya, Nepal, were studied for a year beginning in April 2001. During the study period, the gross primary production and chlorophyll‐a concentrations were relatively low during the monsoon season. The phytoplankton cell number, represented by 24 genera, also fluctuated seasonally, but tended to increase in the pre‐ and post‐monsoon period. These results suggest that the monsoon plays a crucial role in the primary production and phytoplankton dynamics for Lake Phewa. Among the phytoplankton species, Microcystis aeruginosa, a representative species for eutrophic lakes, was the dominant phytoplankton. At the same time, however, it is clear that the lake is not yet heavily eutrophic. The present study suggests that the exchange of lake water during the monsoon season contributes to maintaining the health of the lake against further degradation. Nevertheless, the silt carried in the monsoon rain run‐off from the lake's catchment area suggests increasingly serious degradation problems for this small mountainous lake.     

Water quality and growth of phytoplankton for the Yellow River estuary reservoirs—The nutrients release from reservoir sediments

Effects of nutrients released from sediments on eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs were not well known in China. In the test, the release conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sediments were observed by batch experiment. The test results revealed that the content released is correlated to the initial content of organic matter in sediments. In the Gengjing area, when the water quality of waterway, grit chamber and reservoir were compared, the water quality of the waterway was the highest, and lowered in the order of the grit chamber and the reservoir. The grit chamber could get not only fine sand removal but also the organic substance, nitrogen, phosphorus and phytoplankton, therefore it is important to operate and maintain the grit chamber to preserve the water quality of the reservoir. Due to little organic substance in sediments, ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus weren’t released during the incubation. But from the absorptiometric turbidity unit (ATU) test results, although the release of ammonium concentration was very low, ammonium oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing bacteria existed in sediments.     

季节性运行人工湿地处理生活污水研究

污水经酸化预处理后进入两级垂直潜流人工湿地,进行间歇流运行.实验结果表明,一级人工湿地面积有机负荷率5.52～11.7gCOD/(m2.d),COD去除率大于60%;二级人工湿地有机负荷率5.87～8.7gCOD/(m2.d),COD去除率大于70%,总去除率大于90%.一级人工湿地NH4-N负荷率0.25～0.94gNH4-N/(m2.d),NH4-N去除率大于60%.二级人工湿地NH4-N负荷率0.68～0.83 gN4-N/(m2.d),NH4-N去除率大于70%,总去除率大于92%.     

春季渤海湾营养盐分布及潜在性富营养化评价

根据2011年5月对渤海湾海域20个站位海水营养盐的调查结果,分析该海区海水营养盐的分布特征,并进行了潜在性富营养化评价．研究发现,调查海域NO3--N质量浓度为150．5～276.3ug/L,NO2--N质量浓度为4．072．29．490ug／L,NH4＋-N、PO4 3-- P和SiO3 2-Si质量浓度分别为47．55～194．80ug／L、4．73～26．35ug／L和170．2—544．1ug/L．整体上,各类无机氮呈现出表底层差异不大、沿岸浓度高、外海浓度低的特点;断面分布呈现出由东向西逐渐升高的趋势,SiO23 2- -Si相反,NO3- -N、NH4--N和SiO2 3--Si质量浓度呈现出由北向南逐渐升高的趋势,而NO2--N、VO4 3--P质量浓度出现北高南低的情形．渤海湾连续站显示出一定的营养盐浓度随潮汐的韵律变化,其中NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4＋-N质量浓度变化相对较明显,低潮较高潮期间营养盐浓度高．营养盐与盐度的相关性不很显著．NO3 --N是溶解无机氮（DIN）的主要组成形式,占平均DIN含量的69．56％;该海区主要以磷限制为主,并已经逐渐从P限制向P、Si共同限制方向发展,这与潜在性富营养化评价结果一致．     

河南开封土壤养分变化特征及其持续利用途径研究

通过 1 984～ 1 998年河南开封不同土壤耕层有机质与氮磷钾养分分析 ,论述了不同农业利用方式和农田管理措施下不同土壤耕层养分的时空变化特征和硝态氮累积特性 .由于“重氮磷 ,轻有机肥 ,忽视钾素补给” ,土壤养分变化的总趋势以下降 ,钾素耗竭性明显 .土壤养分空间变化较为复杂 ,但不同土壤间耕层养分为普通淡色潮湿雏形土 >底锈干润雏形土 >石灰淡色潮湿雏形土 >灌淤旱耕人为土 >简育干润雏形土 >干润砂质新成土 .硝态氮累积表现为由上至下递减或由上至下递增和相对积累于土体某一深度 .最后研究提出了土壤持续利用的有效技术途径 .     

多点肥料效应函数方程分类与土壤养分相关性研究

采用主成分分析方法对多点动态肥料试验聚类分析结果与土壤养分间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,土壤氮素状况是分类的第一主因子,磷素状况是第二主因子,有机质含量是第三主因子。确定类肥料效应函数应用范围的主要依据是土壤碱解氮和全氮含量,其次是土壤有效磷含量,再次是土壤有机质含量。     

宁夏农田土壤耕层养分含量的时空变化特征

根据土壤普查资料和实际采样测定结果,探讨了宁夏山区和灌区农田土壤耕层有机质和氮磷钾养分含量的时空变化特征。结果表明,在1970年、1985年和2000年3个时段内,土壤有机质、有效磷和碱解氮含量呈显著或较显著增长态势,土壤速效钾含量近15年在灌区明显下降,土壤氮磷钾全量养分在30年间没有明显变化。从两个地区比较来看,除土壤全磷量外,土壤有机质和其它养分含量都是灌区显著高于山区,而变异系数除土壤全钾外都是山区显著大于灌区。     

糯米糍荔枝叶片矿质养分含量充足范围的确定

对深圳市4个典型丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片7种矿质养分(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锌和硼)含量的统计分析表明:采样地点和生育时期均对叶片营养元素含量有显著的影响。四个关键生育时期(末次秋梢老熟期、花芽形态分化期、谢花期和果实成熟期)的单株样与混合(多株)样的供试矿质养分含量之间大部分没有显著差异。本研究根据丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片混合样的分析结果提出了7种矿质养分的充足含量范围。     

Can phytoplankton community structure be inferred from satellite-derived sea surface temperature anomalies calculated relative to nitrate depletion temperatures?

Hydrographic data collected in the upper 50 m off La Jolla, CA, USA (31°N, 117°W) between 1970 and 1972 were reanalyzed to examine temporal variability in the local temperature-nitrate relationship and to document how chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton community structure covary with the temperature-nitrate relationship. Based on the linear expression y=mx+b, the y-intercepts (b), slopes (m), and x-intercepts (−b/m or nitrate depletion temperature, NDT) of four seasonal (January-March, April-June, July-September, and October-December) temperature-nitrate relationships, obtained from the combined multiyear data set, were statistically different from each other and varied around overall multiyear values of b=72.73 μM, m=−5.33 μM °C⁻¹, and NDT=13.65 °C. Three interannual temperature-nitrate relationships from February to April 1970, 1971, and 1972 also had y-intercepts, slopes, and x-intercepts that were statistically different from each other. Nevertheless, limited variability in direct comparisons among seasonal or interannual regression lines and a 1 °C La Jolla NDT range compared to a 25 °C global NDT range supported the general utility of NDT-based comparisons. A nitrate-normalized temperature axis (T−NDT) was created for the La Jolla data set by subtracting NDT from the recorded water column temperatures (T). Chlorophyll a reached a maximum between 0 and 2 °C on this T-NDT axis that ranged from −4 to 10 °C. Microscope-based determinations of La Jolla centric diatom, pennate diatom and dinoflagellate abundances, and La Jolla chlorophyll a, partitioned in proportion to the numerical abundance of the three groups, both peaked in logical progression along the T-NDT axis. In a separate analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data from three Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) cruises (50°N to 52°S), chlorophyll a peaked below 0 °C and three different phytoplankton classes, nanoflagellates, large eukaryotes and prokaryotes, distributed in logical progression along a sea surface temperature (SST) minus NDT axis. To further generalize these results, a previously reported 1° latitude×1° longitude grid of NDTs for the world ocean was applied to satellite-derived grids of SST for March 1999 through June 2000. The SST−NDT calculation provided a standard nitrate-normalized axis simultaneously applicable to all locations in the world ocean. Sixteen plots of satellite-derived chlorophyll a versus SST−NDT for March 1999 through June 2000 demonstrated the opposing seasonal movements of northern and southern hemisphere chlorophyll a along the SST-NDT axis. Based on the phytoplankton community patterns along the temperature minus NDT in the La Jolla and AMT data sets, this chlorophyll a movement along the SST-NDT axis can be associated with phytoplankton community changes related to location around SST−NDT=0 °C. The SST−NDT index appears to provide a useful tool for interpreting the character of the phytoplankton community structure contributing to satellite-derived chlorophyll a in the world ocean.