Soil nutrient status and revegetation practices of downhill skiing areas in Finnish Lapland — a case study of Mt. Ylläs

Ski slope construction is one of the major anthropogenic factors responsible for ecosystem degradation in mountain areas in Finnish Lapland. Mt. Ylläs has been used as a downhill skiing slope for about 30 years. Until 1992, the ski slopes were kept in their natural condition: there was no removal of vegetation and soil above the tree line. After 1992, Mt. Ylläs went through an extensive construction, the ski slopes were machine-graded and machine-levelled, which caused damage to both vegetation and soil. The aim of the study presented here was to examine nutrient status of various soils on the machine-graded and machine-levelled ski slopes in relation to their potential use as a substrate for revegetation practices.Soil organic matter and nutrient status were analysed in three sites on the slopes of Mt. Ylläs in the tree line zone (transit zone between wooded vegetation and treeless alpine vegetation): (1) reference site on the undisturbed area between the ski-runs (Control); (2) disturbed site on the ski-run area (DSP — ‘DiSturbed Podzol’, DSL — ‘DiSturbed Leptosol’ and DSB — ‘DiSturbed Bare soil’); and (3) Revegetation study Plots established on the ski-runs (RP). The analysis of element concentrations and their relative proportions allow us to conclude that only DSP and DSL can be considered as potentially appropriate for unassisted ecosystem recovery on the ski-runs. Presence of native plant species on these patches supports our conclusion. As a recommendation for revegetation of ski-runs, we propose implementation of substrate composed of upper layer of initial soil. Such substrate can be collected during the construction work on ski slopes or on building sites in the area with similar soils. Uncomposted substrate or at least short period of composting is preferable.     

对产甲烷细菌的分析与研究

介绍了产甲烷细菌的形态特征、生理特征、营养特征,研究了产甲烷细菌的分离,探讨了产甲烷细菌在废水处理和农村的应用,指出有必要充分利用产甲烷细菌进行废水处理以实现甲烷的资源化利用。     

Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from alkaline fermentation liquid of waste activated sludge and application of the fermentation liquid to promote biological municipal wastewater treatment

In previous publications we reported that by controlling the pH at 10.0 the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) during waste activated sludge (WAS) fermentation was remarkably improved [Yuan, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Jiang, S., Zhou, Q., Gu, G., 2006. Improved bioproduction of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from excess sludge under alkaline conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 2025-2029], but significant ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) and soluble ortho-phosphorus (SOP) were released [Chen, Y., Jiang, S., Yuan, H., Zhou, Q., Gu, G., 2007. Hydrolysis and acidification of waste activated sludge at different pHs. Water Res. 41, 683-689]. This paper investigated the simultaneous recovery of NH₄-N and SOP from WAS alkaline fermentation liquid and the application of the fermentation liquid as an additional carbon source for municipal wastewater biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize and model the simultaneous NH₄-N and SOP recovery from WAS alkaline fermentation liquid. Under the optimum conditions, the predicted and experimental recovery efficiency was respectively 73.4 and 75.7% with NH₄-N, and 82.0 and 83.2% with SOP, which suggested that the developed models described the experiments well. After NH₄-N and SOP recovery, the alkaline fermentation liquid was added to municipal wastewater, and the influence of volume ratio of fermentation liquid to municipal wastewater (FL/MW) on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal was investigated. The addition of fermentation liquid didn't significantly affect nitrification. Both SOP and total nitrogen (TN) removal were increased with fermentation liquid, but there was no significant increase at FL/MW greater than 1/35. Compared to the blank test, the removal efficiency of SOP and TN at FL/MW = 1/35 was improved from 44.0 to 92.9%, and 63.3 to 83.2%, respectively. The enhancement of phosphorus and nitrogen removal was mainly attributed to the increase of influent SCFA, or rather, the increase of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) which served as the carbon and energy sources for denitrification and phosphorus uptake. The addition of alkaline fermentation liquid to municipal wastewater, however, increased the effluent COD, which was caused mainly by the increase of influent humic acid, not protein or carbohydrate.     

稻壳生物炭对整治烟田土壤养分及烟叶产质量的影响

为探究生物炭施用对整治烟田土壤改良及烟叶产质量的影响,在皖南的烟田整治区,研究了稻壳生物炭不同施用量对土壤养分及烟叶产质量的作用效果。结果表明,稻壳生物炭施用可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤pH及有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾等养分含量。生物炭可以促进烟株生长发育,对烟叶外观产生一定影响,特别是油分指标随生物炭用量增加呈下降趋势。生物炭施用一定程度上降低烟叶总糖及还原糖含量,提高总氮、烟碱及钾含量,其中T2（生物炭7.5 t/hm²）处理烟叶化学成分协调性较好。同时烟叶感官质量随生物炭施用量增加呈现先增加（不变）后降低趋势,感官评吸得分表现为T1=CK> T2> T3。烤烟的产量产值均随着生物炭施用量增加而增加,其中T3（生物炭15 t/hm²）处理最高,产量达1729.2 kg/hm²,产值达到37516.8 元/hm²,较CK分别提高43.51%和43.48%。但上等烟比例随生物炭用量增加呈先增加后降低趋势。综合土壤养分及烟叶的产质量结果,在皖南烟田整治区,稻壳生物炭的施用量不宜超过7.5t/hm²。     

野生植物婆婆针营养成分的研究及应用

对野生植物婆婆针的营养成分进行了分析，结果表明，婆婆针中含有多种营养成分，丰富的矿质元素和维生素及其β-胡萝卜素。婆婆针中至少含有17种氨基酸。旨在为开发利用植物资源提供科学依据。     

野生植物咸虾花营养成分的研究及应用

对野生植物咸虾花的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,咸虾花中含有多种营养成分,丰富的矿质元素和维生素及其β-胡萝卜素.咸虾花中至少含有17种氨基酸.旨在为开发利用植物资源提供科学依据.     

Spatial variability of Soil Nutrients and Influencing Factors in a Vegetable Production Area of Hebei Province in China

This study was conducted to determine soil nutrient spatial variability and the factors influencing it in a vegetable production area using traditional statistics and geo-statistics. The study area encompassed 55 ha and consisted of 182 farmer's plots belonging to six production groups in the Yutian county of China. Two hundred and seventeen soil samples were collected on a 50×50-m grid at depths of 0–20 cm prior to the plots being sown for cabbage. Vegetable production history, including varieties, rotation systems and fertilizer use, at the sampling sites was also examined. Soil pH, organic manure (OM), NO₃⁻–N, available P, K, Zn, and other nutrients and particle size were measured. The results showed that N, P, K and Zn were the main limiting nutrient factors in the soil. Distinct semi-variance structures of spatial variability were observed for soil NO₃⁻–N, available P, K and Zn, with the range of spatial correlation being 204–348 m. Significant spatial distribution similarity was found for soil NO₃⁻–N, P, K and Zn, with relatively high contents of all these nutrients in some areas of the study area and relatively low contents in other areas. The correlation of soil NO₃⁻–N, P and K content with vegetable production history and fertilizer application rates (N, P₂O₅ and K₂O) suggested that vegetable variety and history of fertilizer use are important factors to be considered in the development of a soil nutrient management program in the study area.     

废弃矿山生态修复技术研究

废弃矿山会对周围的生态环境造成不良影响。对某废弃矿山的基本情况进行了简要介绍,对废弃矿山土壤的理化性质进行了详细的研究,发现土壤中绝大部分颗粒的粒径超过了1 mm,养分不充分,pH值呈碱性,且存在镉元素和铁元素污染问题。基于挂网种植技术对废弃矿山的排土场进行了生态修复,试验结果表明取得了较好的效果,排土场土壤的理化性质有了一定程度的改善,利用该项技术长时间实践,可以逐渐改善排土场的生态环境。利用不同植物分析了其对尾矿库中重金属的富集效果,发现蜈蚣草、银合欢、紫穗槐对镉元素的富集作用比较显著,蜈蚣草、鸡冠花对铁元素的富集作用非常明显。     

上海市学龄前儿童食物过敏现况和饮食特征分析

目的 了解上海市学龄前儿童食物过敏的现状,探究食物过敏儿童的饮食习惯和食谱特征,为提出学龄前儿童食物过敏的改善措施及营养评估提供数据基础。方法 采用分层整群抽样,纳入上海市6个区(虹口区、静安区、徐汇区、闵行区、嘉定区和崇明区)15所幼儿园共5 215个3～6岁的学龄前儿童,邀请家长填写电子问卷,采集儿童人口学特征、成长环境、食物过敏和饮食习惯的信息。结果 上海市学龄前儿童经家长自报的食物过敏率为16.8%。自报过敏率最高的过敏性食物为水产品类(含鱼、虾及海鲜等),为7.2%,其次是蛋类(5.3%)、牛奶或奶制品(4.2%)、水果(2.4%)、坚果(2.1%)、豆类(0.5%)、肉类(0.5%)、面粉(0.4%)及蔬菜(0.4%)。食物过敏的儿童中,对1种、2种食物过敏的儿童分别占61.8%和24.9%。水产和水果过敏者多表现为单种食物过敏,而蛋类、牛奶和坚果食物过敏者多表现为合并两种或以上的食物过敏。与非食物过敏的儿童相比,食物过敏者总体减少了致敏食物的摄入而增加了替代性食物的摄入。结论 上海市家长自报的学龄前儿童食物过敏的比率较高。自报的过敏性食物主要集中在水产品、蛋类、牛奶或奶制...