Effects of added Cd on Cd uptake by oilseed rape and pai-tsai co-cropping

The experiment was designed to study whether the decrease of Cd in the rhizosphere of Zhongyouza Ⅰ,one breed of oilseed rapes （Brassicajunica） that can hyperaccumulate cadmium from the soil, can improve the living condition of less Cd-tolerant plant pai-tsai （Brassia chinensis） with their roots permitted to intermingle and develop coincident rhizosphere. The extent of rhizosphere interactions between Zhongyouza Ⅰ and pai-tsai was controlled by different root barriers, or without barrier. The results show that in the 10 and 20 mg/kg Cd treated soils, pai-tsai gets higher shoot mass and less Cd accumulation in its shoot than in the barrier treatments or in the mono cultures, when its roots are permitted to intermingle with those of Zhongyouza Ⅰ. Meanwhile, soil decontamination rates of Zhongyouza Ⅰ are not affected much by co-cropping with pai-tsai, they are 80.0% and 91.8% of that in the mono cultures of Zhongyouza Ⅰ, respectively. However, the co-cropping method in meliorating the living condition of pai-tsai is not obvious when Cd concentration in soil reaches 40 mg/kg, and soil decontamination rate decreases to 0.14, which is 58.3% of that in the mono culture. These results indicate that the oilseed rape Zhongyouza Ⅰ may alleviate Cd toxicity of surrounding less-tolerant species, and its ability of phytoremediation is not affected much at the same time, especially in the middle polluted soil.     

脉冲电场处理油菜籽对菜籽油品质的影响

运用脉冲电场处理双低油菜籽种子,对出油率最优条件下所得菜籽油中主要功能性成分和理化性质等品质指标进行了研究。结果表明:经脉冲电场处理后的菜籽油中总酚以及α-、γ-生育酚含量均极显著增加(P0.01);酸值、过氧化值和p-茴香胺值均极显著增加(P0.01),碘值极显著降低(P0.01),皂化值变化不显著;菜籽油清除DPPH·的能力提高,清除·OH和O_2~-·的能力下降;脉冲电场对油菜籽处理可以提高菜籽油的稳定性。     

我国油料增产格局及贡献因素研究

2007—2021年我国油料生产实现“十四连丰”,对于保障国家粮油安全意义重大。为进一步探究油料增产格局及背后成因,推动我国油料生产提质增效,基于2007—2021年大豆、油菜籽、花生三大油料的种植面积、产量、单产等基础数据,从全国和分省两个角度,运用对数平均迪氏分解(LMDI)模型定量分析了2007—2021年我国油料增产状况及其区域差异,并对我国主要油料增产的地域格局及其贡献因素做了进一步研究。结果表明：大豆、油菜籽、花生三大油料是我国油料“十四连丰”的主导因素,三大油料对油料增产的贡献率达到96.3%;三大油料中,花生对油料增产的贡献最为显著,无论是增产幅度、增产贡献率还是年均增产量,花生均处于领先地位;单产提高对油料增产的贡献大于种植面积扩大带来的贡献;三大油料中,大豆增产主要是依靠单产水平的提高,而油菜籽和花生的增产同时依靠种植面积的扩大和单产水平的提高;2007—2021年,全国仅17个省份出现油料增产现象,且增产超过200万t和增幅达到超速增产水平的省份分别只占9.7%和35.5%。综上,充分高效利用和开发现有土地资源、不断提升三大主要油料单产水平是破解我国油料可持续发展...     

Detection of Glutamic Acid in Oilseed Rape Leaves Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy and the Least Squares-Support Vector Machine

Amino acids are quite important indices to indicate the growth status of oilseed rape under herbicide stress. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was applied for fast determination of glutamic acid in oilseed rape leaves. The optimal spectral preprocessing method was obtained after comparing Savitzky-Golay smoothing, standard normal variate, multiplicative scatter correction, first and second derivatives, detrending and direct orthogonal signal correction. Linear and nonlinear calibration methods were developed, including partial least squares (PLS) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM). The most effective wavelengths (EWs) were determined by the successive projections algorithm (SPA), and these wavelengths were used as the inputs of PLS and LS-SVM model. The best prediction results were achieved by SPA-LS-SVM (Raw) model with correlation coefficient r = 0.9943 and root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.0569 for prediction set. These results indicated that NIR spectroscopy combined with SPA-LS-SVM was feasible for the fast and effective detection of glutamic acid in oilseed rape leaves. The selected EWs could be used to develop spectral sensors, and the important and basic amino acid data were helpful to study the function mechanism of herbicide.     

Antioxidant Extraction from Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal Using High‐Intensity Ultrasound

Brassicaceae oilseeds provide feedstocks for the biofuels industry, but value‐added coproducts are necessary to supply financial incentives for increased production. Our objective was to use high‐intensity ultrasound to optimize extraction of antioxidants from mustard (Brassica juncea) seed meal. The ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) variables included temperature, solvent‐to‐material ratio, sonication duration, and EtOH concentration. Extracts were analyzed for total phenolics content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and sinapine content. Conventional extraction using water and 70% EtOH (v/v) at 80 °C for 3×30 min yielded 7.83 ± 0.07 and 8.81 ± 0.17 mg sinapic acid equivalents (SAE)/g meal, respectively. UAE extraction at 40 °C for 30 min yielded similar phenolics content (8.85 ± 0.33 mg SAE/g meal) as conventional hot ethanolic extraction, but required less time and lower temperature. The highest TPC (13.79 ± 0.38 mg SAE/g meal) was in the 7‐d aqueous extracts. Sonicated solutions of pure sinapine and sinapic acid showed 1st‐order reaction kinetics with greater degradation of isolated compounds than those present in extracts. Sinapine contained in extracts showed insignificant (P < 0.05) degradation after 30 min of sonication. Our research indicates that ultrasound treatment can assist the extraction of antioxidants from B. juncea meal by reducing both the temperature and time requirement without significant degradation of the primary antioxidants present.     

分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定植源性油料油脂中67种除草剂

目的 建立分散固相萃取结合液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定油料油脂中 67 种除草剂残留的检测方法。方法 选取花生、大豆、油菜籽、花生油、大豆油及菜籽油为典型基质试样,经 1% 甲酸-乙腈提取,通过乙二胺基-N-丙基和无水 MgSO₄分散固相萃取净化。以甲醇和 5 mmol/L 乙酸铵(含 0. 1% 甲酸)为流动相梯度洗脱,采用 C₁₈色谱柱分离,ESI 离子源正负离子模式同时进行多反应监测(MRM),基质标准曲线外标法定量。结果 基质加标试验结果表明,0. 000 5～0. 08 mg/L 浓度范围内 67 种除草剂线性良好,决定系数(R²)均>0. 992,定量限(LOD)为 0. 005～0. 02 mg/kg。3 个加标水平下(LOD、2LOD、10LOD)的回收率为 62. 3%～118. 1%,RSD(n=6)均<15%。结论 本方法稳定性高、特异性强、灵敏、准确、高效,可以用于油料油脂中多种除草剂残留的定性定量检测。     

The effect of oilseeds in diets of lactating cows on milk production and methane emissions

Thirty-six lactating multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to diets that contained 2.3, 4.0, and 5.6% fat for an entire lactation to determine the effect of oilseeds on milk composition, production, and methane emissions. The diets were formulated so that whole cottonseeds and canola oilseeds provided equal amounts of added fat. Methane emissions were measured every 3 mo from two replicates of four cows per treatment using a room tracer approach. Dry matter intakes and yields of milk and FCM were greater for cows fed the diets containing oilseeds. Although the concentration of protein in milk was reduced, yields of both protein and fat tended to be increased by the addition of fat. Within the milk fat, the concentrations of C10, C12, C14:0, and C16:0 were reduced and concentrations of C18, C18:1, and trans-C18:1 were increased in response to dietary oilseeds. In serum, urea-N was increased by the dietary oilseeds. Supplementation of diets with oilseeds did not affect methane emissions but tended to increase the efficiency of milk produced per unit of methane emitted. A 1.7% addition of fat to the control diet from a combination of oilseed types increased yields of milk without reducing methane emission rates. The strategy of using unsaturated fats from oilseeds to substantially reduce methane emissions was ineffective, although yield of milk was increased.     

我国油料产业形势分析与发展对策

油料安全事关国计民生,保障油料有效供给是我国必须坚守的国家粮食安全底线。站在全球视角,对2011/2012—2020/2021年度我国油料供需形势、生产形势及市场形势进行分析,明确我国油料产业在生产、加工、贸易等方面面临的挑战,并针对性地提出了统一科学谋划与增强政策扶持精准度相结合,强化科技支撑与耕地资源保护相结合,提高农户油料种植收益与增强自然灾害抵御能力相结合,坚持大宗油料品牌建设与特色油料资源开发相结合,稳定当前农业合作伙伴关系与扩宽油料进口来源相结合,实施差异化市场监管与引导居民科学消费相结合等发展对策,以期为促进油料生产、保障植物油有效供给、降低植物油对外依存度,维护国家粮油安全提供参考。     

Fatty acid and phytosterol accumulation during seed development in three oilseed species

This study was carried out to compare the kinetic accumulation of bioactive lipids during seed development in three oil crops rapeseed, sunflower and woad. Field experiments were conducted under organic conditions during 3 years. After flowering, seeds were collected each 4–5 days until harvest. The three species differed by the quantity and quality of both fatty acids and sterols. Higher levels of phytosterols and fatty acids were reached between 20 and 40 days after flowering (DAF) in sunflower, 40 and 60 DAF in rapeseed and 25 and 45 DAF for woad. The modification of lipid composition during the grain filling depends on species. Knowledge of the composition and accumulation of fatty acids and phytosterols in sunflower, rapeseed and woad seeds would assist in efforts to achieve industrial applications. These seeds may give an interesting source of bioactive lipids.     

氮磷钾肥施用对甘蓝型春油菜产量及肥料利用效率的影响

利用大田试验研究氮、磷、钾肥对青海省互助县种植的甘蓝型春油菜产量、养分吸收量和肥料利用效率等指标的影响。结果表明,氮肥和磷肥对春油菜（甘蓝型杂交油菜青杂2号）籽粒产量的提高有显著作用,钾肥的影响相对较小;与不施肥对照相比,氮、磷、钾肥的施用可显著促进成熟期春油菜地上部N、P、K素累积量（P〈0.05）;不同肥料的春油菜农学利用率分别为5.3kg/kg N、5.6kg/kg P2O5和1.7kg/kg K2O;肥料表观利用率分别为N 33.6%、P2O57.8%和K2O 52.0%,N、P、K肥对油菜籽产量的偏生产力分别为28.0kg/kg N、46.7kg/kg P2O5和26kg/kg K2O。青海省互助县种植条件下,当春油菜产量水平在3 504kg/hm2时,NPK配施条件下每生产100kg籽粒需要吸收N、P2O5、K2O量分别为4.6kg、2.0kg和5.6kg,氮磷钾比为1∶0.43∶1.21。油菜生产实践中实现高产目标需同时关注地力培肥和平衡施肥两方面。