Development and validation of gas chromatography and real‐time quantitative PCR for the quantification of landscape‐scale gene flow from varieties of high erucic acid (HEAR) oilseed rape

BACKGROUND: High erucic acid oilseed rape (HEAR) was tested as a source crop for estimates of regional geneflow. Two methods to detect HEAR in low erucic acid oilseed rape (LEAR) were compared: real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and gas chromatography (GC). RESULTS: Fields (2.5 ha) of a LEAR variety (0.028% EA) in Tayside and Hertfordshire were juxtaposed adjacent to and 1 km distant from a HEAR (44% EA) field. The LEAR variety was a varietal association to ensure high cross‐pollination (CP). The methods were highly correlated, measuring between 30% and 0.5% CP. However, the qPCR method became unreliable below 0.5% CP, whereas GC was robust enough to detect raised EA equivalent to one F1 seed in 500 (0.2%). A statistical mixture model was fitted to the distributions of EA in samples in order to assign a CP value to each 500‐seed sample. Declines of CP from 30% to < 1%, and EA from 5% to 0.2%, with distance up to 150 m in the near fields was best fitted with a power function. The combined mean EA for both far fields was 0.11%, well above the background LEAR value of 0.028%, and mean CP was 0.36%. CONCLUSIONS: The GC method of detection raised %EA should be a reliable and high‐throughput means of estimating %CP between fields, provided the %EA of single F1 seed in receptor fields is measured to confirm the presence of F1 seed. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes in forage and oilseed rape (Brassica napus) root glucosinolates in response to attack by turnip root fly (Delia floralis)

Three genotypes of forage rape and two of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L), grown in a glasshouse, were inoculated with Delia floralis Fall eggs at 5 weeks and their roots were sampled after a further 6 weeks of larval attack. Individual and total glucosinolates were examined in seed and roots using HPLC. No clear relationship was found between seed and root total or individual glucosinolate content. Major differences in glucosinolate composition were found between uninoculated control roots. In two doublezero oilseed rapes, phenylethyl glucosinolate was predominant whereas, in the three forage rapes, 2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl was the major glucosinolate. Attack by D floralis larvae considerably modified both concentrations and relative proportions of individual glucosinolates in roots. The total glucosinolate content decreased for all of the rapes except double-zero oilseed rape WRG35. In all rapes the proportion of aromatic to aliphatic glucosinolates increased after attack, largely due to increased levels of indolebased glucosinolates; 1-methyoxy-3-indole methyl glucosinolate increased by over 88%. The total aliphatic glucosinolate content of all rape roots with the exception of WRG35 was reduced by 39–56% after attack. Possible causes for altered glucosinolate metabolism are discussed in relation to observed differences in levels of susceptibility to turnip root fly attack.     

Field estimation of ammonia volatilisation from 15N-labelled urea fertiliser

Granules of ¹⁵N-labelled urea (150 kg N ha^?1), with or without the urease inhibitor hydroquinone, were broadcast on to small plots of winter oilseed rape in March. Ammonia volatilisation losses were estimated by a ¹⁵N balance procedure in which the amount of ¹⁵N in the plants, plus that in the soil to 70 cm depth, was determined 18 days after urea application. All the urea-N was recovered in soil and plants from plots given either urea alone or urea plus hydroquinone; hence there was no volatilisation of ammonia. Although the soil pH was high enough (7.7 to 8.0) for ammonia loss, this did not occur because the soil was too cold, too wet and had a high cation exchange capacity.     

基于电阻原理的油料水分在线测量技术

介绍了电阻式油料水分在线测量方法,基于单片机研究设计了一种新型的油料水分在线自动测试仪,分析了测量中的若干关键技术,并提出了相应的解决方案.最后给出了测试仪的硬件系统和软件实现.     

施肥对贵州直播油菜产量和养分吸收的影响

2011-2012年于贵州省油菜主产区设置直播油菜氮磷钾硼肥田间试验,以推广品种油研599为材料,研究施肥对产量、养分累积量、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响,了解当地（典型的南方水稻土）的养分限制因子,为该地区直播油菜的合理施肥提供依据。结果表明,与不施肥相比,施肥提高了直播油菜的产量,各处理中以NPKB处理的产量最高,平均为2 189kg/hm2。缺氮、缺磷、缺钾和缺硼处理相比NPKB处理分别减产961、342、295和184kg/hm2,表明该地区直播油菜的养分限制因子依次为N〉P〉K〉B。与当地农民习惯施肥（FFP）相比,NPKB处理增加了施肥量,产量明显提升,平均增产430kg/hm2;养分累积量和肥料利用率也均有明显提高,氮、磷、钾及相应肥料利用率分别增加28.6kg/hm2和13.5%、9.6kg/hm2和3.3%、71.4kg/hm2和23.9%。从经济效益看,NPKB处理相比FFP处理收益平均增加1 109元/hm2。肥料合理配施可以明显提高直播油菜产量、养分累积和经济效益,在当前贵州省直播油菜的生产中,应积极推行合理的平衡施用技术和科学的施肥方法,从而达到高产、高效、高收益的目的。     

The response of double-low winter oilseed rape to fertiliser sulphur

The effect of soil-applied ammonium sulphate (10, 20, 30, 50 and 80 kg S ha^?1) and agricultural gypsum (20 and 50 kg S ha^?1) and of foliar-applied elemental sulphur (20 kg S ha^?1) on the seed yield and chemical composition of double-low cultivars of winter oilseed rape was determined at 11 sites in England during 1989-1991. Significant (P ? 0.05) mean seed yield responses to applied sulphur (S) of 10 and 17% were obtained at two sites on sandy soils in northern England which showed symptoms of severe S deficiency. At a third site on a shallow calcareous soil in south-west England, which did not show S deficiency symptoms, seed yield was consistently but not significantly increased by an average of 8%. At one of the sites in 1989, application of ammonium sulphate caused leaf scorch and, at the maximum rate of S applied, seed and oil yield were decreased. No conclusions were reached regarding the amount of S required for maximum yield response. The S treatments decreased seed oil content by an average maximum of 9 mg g^?1. Seed glucosinolate content was increased by a greater amount at the two sites in northern England compared to other sites, where increases averaged only 3 μmol g^?1. Analysis of individual glucosinolates in the harvested seed from one of the sites in northern England showed that only the alkenyl glucosinolates were increased by S application. Yield responses were best predicted by total S concentrations and N : S ratio values in young fully-expanded leaves at flowering. Foliar-applied elemental S was consistently less effective in raising leaf S content than ammonium sulphate. Gypsum was occasionally found to be less effective than ammonium sulphate as an S fertiliser.     

植物油料蛋白木材胶黏剂改性的研究进展

植物油料蛋白胶黏剂具有来源广泛、无毒、可再生及制备简单等优点,但胶接强度低、耐水性能差、易霉变等问题限制了其发展和应用。综述了近年来几种主要植物油料蛋白胶黏剂如大豆蛋白胶黏剂、花生蛋白胶黏剂、棉籽蛋白胶黏剂等在木材行业的研究和应用现状,重点阐述了提高植物油料蛋白胶黏剂耐水性能的改性方法,包括物理改性、变性剂改性、接枝改性、交联改性、仿生改性、酶改性、纳米材料改性、复合改性等,指出了植物油料蛋白胶黏剂存在的问题,并对未来发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

Technical efficiency analysis for oilseed sunflower farms: a case study in Erzurum,Turkey

BACKGROUND: The main purpose of this study was to examine the technical efficiency of farms producing sunflower in Erzurum, Turkey and to identify factors that might be causing inefficiency. Stochastic frontier analysis was used to measure technical efficiency. One hundred and seventeen randomly selected farms were interviewed for farm‐level data in the 2004–2005 production period. RESULTS: Results revealed that the mean technical efficiency for the sunflower farms, estimated by the stochastic production frontier, is 64%. At full technical efficiency, on average, the farmers could reduce their inputs by around 56% without reducing their sunflower production, simply by improving technical efficiency. In the inefficiency model the parameter estimates showed that older farmers, higher level of farmer's education, more experienced farmers, larger farm size and higher information score resulted in lower technical inefficiency, while bigger family size and more credit usage resulted in higher technical inefficiency. CONCLUSION: This study proposes strategies such as providing better extension services and farmer‐training programmes, including more educated people in sunflower farming and also expanding the sunflower‐growing area through provision of adequate facilities in order to increase technical efficiency. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry