我国木本油料发展现状分析与供需问题的研究

近年来,我国食用油自给率始终低于40%,对外依存度过高,国家食用油安全问题形势严峻,耕地红线的制约与木本油料的独特优势,使得发展木本油料成为提高我国食用油自给率的最优解。以油茶、核桃、油橄榄为例,利用宏观数据,从供需两端分析了我国木本油料的发展现状,进一步量化了食用木本油在总体食用植物油中的占比并分析了木本油供需不匹配的原因。研究发现：截至2017年,我国木本油的总供给量在食用植物油总供给量中的占比为4.02%,总需求量在食用植物油总消费量中的占比也仅为3.00%,而且木本油料产业发展过程中存在供需占比低、空间不匹配,重建设轻管理、缺良种单产低,传统思维影响大、消费结构不合理,企业低效竞争、产品建设不强等问题。提出了科学发展木本油料、积极引导居民消费,强化科技支撑、进行精细化管理,企业加强交流与合作、拓宽产品深加工链等建议,旨在促进我国木本油料产业的发展,提升本土木本油在食用油中的比重,保障国家粮油安全。     

Oilseed Meal Based Plastics from Plasticized, Hot Pressed Crambe abyssinica and Brassica carinata Residuals

With the increased use of plant oils as sustainable feedstocks, industrial oilseed meal from Crambe abyssinica (crambe) and Brassica carinata (carinata) can become a potential source for oilseed meal based plastics. In this study, crambe and carinata oilseed meal plastics were produced with 10–30 % glycerol and compression molding at 100–180 °C. Size exclusion HPLC was used to relate tensile properties to changes in protein solubility and molecular weight distribution. By combining glycerol and thermal processing, increased flexibility has been observed compared to previous work on unplasticized oilseed meal. Tensile results varied from a brittle crambe based material (10 % glycerol, 130 °C), Young’s modulus 240 MPa, strain at maximum stress of 2 %, to a soft and flexible carinata based material (30 % glycerol, 100 °C), Young’s modulus 6.5 MPa, strain at maximum stress of 13 %. Strength and stiffness development with increasing molding temperature is in agreement with the protein profiles obtained. Thus, the highest mechanical parameters were obtained at the protein solubility minimum at 140 °C. Higher temperatures caused protein degradation, increasing the level of low molecular weight extractable proteins. In carinata based materials the strain at maximum stress decreased as the protein aggregation developed. Results presented indicate that both crambe and carinata oilseed meal based materials can have their properties modulated through thermal treatment and the addition of plasticizers.     

不同植物油制取工艺对毛油中多环芳烃含量的影响

以花生仁、芝麻、油菜籽为原料,采用不同工艺分别制取毛油,并对毛油中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行检测分析,探究制油工艺对毛油中PAHs含量的影响。结果表明:6个浸出毛油样品中Ba P、PAH4、PAH16平均含量分别是6个压榨毛油样品的1.53、1.45、1.08倍,说明PAHs在浸出溶剂正己烷中有很好的溶解度,因此油籽无论脱皮与否所制取浸出毛油中PAHs含量均高于压榨毛油;6个脱皮油籽所制取毛油中Ba P、PAH4、PAH16平均含量分别是未脱皮油籽毛油的1.51、1.61、1.53倍,即无论是压榨法还是浸出法,脱皮油籽所制取毛油中PAHs含量均高于未脱皮油籽毛油。这可能是因为种皮主要成分为粗纤维,而PAHs的亲脂性使其更容易富集在种仁中。     

Some observations on the ISO 658 (1980) method for determination of the impurities content in commercial oilseed samples

Data are presented on the chemical analysis of oilseeds and their associated impurities. These data are used to support a discussion of the way different impurities components are currently considered. In particular, it is noted that the oil and free fatty acid contents of shell and fines should be carefully taken into account.     

Chemical composition of the potential new oilseed crops Barbarea vulgaris,Barbarea verna and Lepidium campestre

Barbarea vulgaris, Barbarea verna and Lepidium campestre were selected as potential new oilseed crops. To evaluate the nutritional and technological quality of the seeds, the chemical composition was studied. The major constituents found were dietary fibre, crude fat and crude protein. Barbarea contained about 350 g kg⁻¹ dietary fibre, 295 g kg ⁻¹ crude fat and 170 g kg⁻¹ crude protein, while Lepidium contained about 400 g kg⁻¹ dietary fibre, 200 g kg⁻¹ crude fat and 190 g kg⁻¹ protein. The amino acid composition was found to be suitable for human consumption when comparison with the amino acid pattern for high quality protein was made. Fatty acid composition was dominated by erucic acid in B vulgaris (28%) and B verna (50%) and by linolenic acid in L campestre (34%). Insoluble dietary fibres were dominated by Klason lignin in both Barbarea and Lepidium. Uronic acid and glucose residues were also found in large amounts. Soluble dietary fibres were dominated by uronic acid, arabinose and galactose residues. The major glucosinolates found were glucobarbarin in B vulgaris (108 μmol g⁻¹), gluconasturtiin in B verna (106 μmol g⁻¹) and sinalbin in L campestre (110 μmol g⁻¹). No cyanogens were found in any of the seeds. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

油菜秸秆基料对银耳产量和活性成分的影响

通过以油菜秸秆为基料栽培银耳,分析其对银耳鲜重、生长期、粗多糖含量及其成分构成的影响,综合评价油菜秸秆栽培银耳的可行性。结果显示:当栽培基料中油菜秸秆和棉籽壳的比例为4∶6(质量比)时,其产出银耳的鲜重可提高至430.16 g,显著性高于传统纯棉籽壳栽培(P<0.05);达到子实体成熟的时间可缩短至31.18 d,与纯棉籽壳栽培无显著性差异(P≥0.05);同时银耳粗多糖的得率高达34.76%,显著性高于纯棉籽壳栽培(P<0.05)。在银耳粗多糖成分构成方面,多糖含量、葡萄糖醛酸含量和分子量分布与常规的棉籽壳基料产出银耳无明显差异。     

一种新型油料作物——奇亚籽北大核心CSCD

为了更好地开发、利用奇亚籽资源,主要从奇亚籽的生物学性状、物候学特性及生长习性、种植分布及育种情况、营养成分、奇亚籽油的脂肪酸组成及活性物质,以及其在食品、保健品和化妆品行业中的应用研究进展进行综述。奇亚籽具有丰富的营养成分及富含不饱和脂肪酸的特性,作为一种新型食品原料和新型油料作物,其在食品、保健品等行业具有广阔的发展前景。     

Different durations of whole raw soybean supplementation during the prepartum period: Milk fatty acid profile and oocyte and embryo quality of early-lactating Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate different durations of whole raw soybeans (WS) supplementation during the prepartum period on nutrient digestibility, milk yield and composition, energy balance, blood metabolites, and oocyte and embryo quality of transition cows. Thirty-one Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design and assigned to 4 experimental groups (G): G90, G60, G30, and G0 (control), supplemented with a diet containing 12% of WS from 90, 60, 30, and 0 d relative to the calving date, respectively. Cows were dried off 60 d before the expected calving date. After parturition, all cows were fed a diet containing 12% of WS until 84 DIM. Blood samples were collected on d ?49, ?35, ?21, ?14, ?7, 0, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 70 relative to partum. Ovum pick-ups were performed on d 21 ± 3, 42 ± 7, 63 ± 7, and 84 ± 7 of lactation. Different durations of WS supplementation did not affect DMI and apparent total-tract digestibility in either the pre- or postpartum periods. Duration of WS supplementation had no effect on milk yield and composition nor energy balance of cows. However, the duration of WS supplementation had several effects on milk fatty acid (FA) profile of cows, including a linear decrease in concentrations of cis-9 C18:1, unsaturated C18, total monounsaturated, and unsaturated FA. Further, the milk contents of cis-9,cis-12 C18:2 FA, cis-9,trans-11 C18:2 FA, and total polyunsaturated FA were increased when WS were fed to cows from 30 d but not from 60 or 90 d of the expected calving date. The length of WS supplementation in the prepartum period linearly increased blood cholesterol concentration of cows during the prepartum period, but it had no effect on blood glucose and nonesterified FA concentrations in the pre- and postpartum periods. Duration of WS supplementation during the prepartum period increased the average number of grade 2 oocytes, notably in G60, but it had no effect on embryo production and cleavage proportion of early-lactation cows. The duration of WS supplementation in the prepartum period had no effect on milk yield and energy balance of the subsequent lactation, but it altered milk FA profile in early lactation by decreasing unsaturated FA content, notably when starting to supplement WS at 90 and 60 d from the expected calving date. Our results also showed that the duration of WS supplementation during the prepartum period does not improve oocyte quality in the subsequent lactation of cows.     

Distribution, Transportation and Cytolocalization of Neodymium in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒａｒｅｅａｒｔｈｅｌ ｅｍｅｎｔｓ (ＲＥＥ)ｈａｖｅａｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｎｃｒｏｐｙｉｅｌｄａｎｄｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｓｔｒｅｓｓ ｒｅｓｉｓ ｔａｎｃｅ[1] .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｍｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｗｅｒｅｆｏｃｕｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＲＥＥｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｏｎｃｒｏｐｙｉｅｌｄｉｎｄｅｘｅｓ ,ｏｒｌｉｍｉｔｅｄａｔｔｉｓｓｕｅｌｅｖ ｅｌ ,ｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔ…     

油料饼粕制备专用肥的研究

对湖南永顺植物油厂提供的桐油饼、茶子粕及菜子粕等样品中的Ｎ、Ｐ_２Ｏ_５、Ｋ_２Ｏ等含量进行了分析测试,并对其作为专用肥基料的应用前景进行了分析探讨。