Morphology and orientation evolution of Cu6Sn5 grains on (001)Cu and (011)Cu single crystal substrates under temperature gradient

The morphology and orientation evolution of Cu6Sn5 grains formed on (001)Cu and (011)Cu single crystal substrates under temperature gradient (TG) were investigated.The initial orientated prism-type Cu6Sn5 grains transformed to non-orintated scallop-type after isothermal reflow.However,the Cu6Sn5 grains with strong texture were revealed on cold end single crystal Cu substrates by imposing TG.The Cu6Sn5 grains on (001)Cu grew along their c-axis parallel to the substrate and finally merged into one grain to form a fully IMC joint,while those on (011)Cu presented a strong texture and merged into a few dominant Cu6Sn5 grains showing about 30° angle with the substrate.The merging between neighboring Cu6Sn5 grain pair was attributed to the rapid grain growth and grain boundary migration.Accordingly,a model was put forward to describe the merging process.The different morphology and orientation evolutions of the Cu6Sn5 grains on single crystal and polycrystal Cu substrates were revealed based on crystallographic relationship and Cu flux.The method for controlling the morphology and orientation of Cu6Sns grains is really benefitial to solve the reliability problems caused by anisotropy in 3D packaging.     

Coordinated grain boundary deformation governed nanograin annihilation in shear cycling

Grain growth and shrinkage are essential to the thermal and mechanical stability of nanocrystalline metals,which are assumed to be governed by the coordinated deformation between neighboring grain boundaries(GBs)in the nanosized grains.However,the dynamics of such coordination has rarely been reported,especially in experiments.In this work,we systematically investigate the atomistic mechanism of coordinated GB deformation during grain shrinkage in an Au nanocrystal film through combined state-of-the-art in situ shear testing and atomistic simulations.We demonstrate that an embedded nanograin experiences shrinkage and eventually annihilation during a typical shear loading cycle.The continu-ous grain shrinkage is accommodated by the coordinated evolution of the surrounding GB network via dislocation-mediated migration,while the final grain annihilation proceeds through the sequen-tial dislocation-annihilation-induced grain rotation and merging of opposite GBs.Both experiments and simulations show that stress distribution and GB structure play important roles in the coordinated defor-mation of different GBs and control the grain shrinkage/annihilation under shear loading.Our findings establish a mechanistic relation between coordinated GB deformation and grain shrinkage,which reveals a general deformation phenomenon in nanocrystalline metals and enriches our understanding on the atomistic origin of structural stability in nanocrystalline metals under mechanical loading.     

Numerical analysis of nanofluid flow inside a trapezoidal microchannel using different approaches

In this study, developing laminar forced convection of ${\text{Al}}_2{\text{O}}_3$/water nanofluid flow inside a trapezoidal microchannel has been investigated. The numerical simulation is conducted using two different methods which consider the effect of non-uniform nanoparticle distribution: Buongiorno’s Two-component nonhomogeneous model, and Eulerian-Lagrangian two-phase method. The results are compared to experimental data and also single-phase and dispersion methods. It is shown that the Eulerian-Lagrangian method predicts microchannel Nusselt number more accurately than Buongiorno’s model. Particle distribution is not uniform in the cross section of microchannel, and with increasing Reynolds number this nonuniformity is more. Moreover, the effect of different forces on heat transfer is discussed. It is found that the influence of Saffman’s lift force is negligible while Brownian and thermophoretic forces affect the heat transfer coefficient slightly. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of experimental correlation for nanoparticle Nusselt number makes the numerical results more accurate, so it is important to take into account the scale effects and use the suitable correlations.     

A Light Harvesting,Self‐Powered Monolith Tactile Sensor Based on Electric Field Induced Effects in MAPbI3 Perovskite

Organolead trihalide perovskite MAPbI₃ shows a distinctive combination of properties such as being ferroelectric and semiconducting, with ion migration effects under poling by electric fields. The combination of its ferroelectric and semiconducting nature is used to make a light harvesting, self‐powered tactile sensor. This sensor interfaces ZnO nanosheets as a pressure‐sensitive drain on the MAPbI₃ film and once poled is operational for at least 72 h with just light illumination. The sensor is monolithic in structure, has linear response till 76 kPa, and is able to operate continuously as the energy harvesting mechanism is decoupled from its pressure sensing mechanism. It has a sensitivity of 0.57 kPa^?1, which can be modulated by the strength of the poling field. The understanding of these effects in perovskite materials and their application in power source free devices are of significance to a wide array of fields where these materials are being researched and applied.     

Interstitial Occupancy by Extrinsic Alkali Cations in Perovskites and Its Impact on Ion Migration

Recent success in achieving highly stable Rb‐containing organolead halide perovskites has indicated the possibility of incorporating small monovalent cations, which cannot fit in the lead‐halide cage with an appropriate tolerance factor, into the perovskite lattice while maintaining a pure stable “black” phase. In this study, through a combined experimental and theoretical investigation by density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the incorporation of extrinsic alkali cations (Rb⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, and Li⁺) in perovskite materials, the size‐dependent interstitial occupancy of these cations in the perovskite lattice is unambiguously revealed. Interestingly, DFT calculations predict the increased ion migration barriers in the lattice after the interstitial occupancy. To verify this prediction, ion migration behavior is characterized through hysteresis analysis of solar cells, electrical poling, temperature‐dependent conductivity, and time‐dependent photoluminescence measurements. The results collectively point to the suppression of ion migration after lattice interstitial occupancy by extrinsic alkali cations. The findings of this study provide new material design principles to manipulate the structural and ionic properties of multication perovskite materials.     

表面改性对含油纳米制冷剂中颗粒油相迁移特性的影响

普通含油纳米制冷剂在沸腾时颗粒容易在富油层中团聚,导致油相迁移率极低,无法保证纳米颗粒随制冷剂-油在制冷系统中稳定循环。表面改性可抑制颗粒团聚,故有望提高油相迁移率。本文采用吸光度法测量了不同改性纳米颗粒在含油制冷剂沸腾时的油相迁移率,并研究改性剂碳链长度、纳米颗粒与改性剂之间的嫁接方式对油相迁移特性的影响。实验所用含油纳米制冷剂为Ti O2/R141b/NM56,表面改性剂种类包括C1TMS、C3TMS、C8TMS、C16TMS和CTAB。结果表明:5种改性剂均可提高油相迁移率,C16TMS改性效果最好,其油相迁移率最高增加了131.2%;随着改性剂碳链长度从1增加到16,改性效果增加了5.48%~20.11%;共价键嫁接的方式比通过静电吸引的方式改性效果更好。     

Investigation into the ship motion induced moisture migration during seaborne coal transport

The inherent moisture in a coal cargo constantly migrates under the dynamic ship motion during maritime transport. The moisture often builds up at the bottom of the cargo. The accumulated water, if not removed sufficiently by the bilge well, can cause safety concerns during a voyage and difficulties during cargo unloading. The study presented in this paper aims to develop a program to investigate the moisture migration within coal cargoes in order to assess and eliminate shipping risks. The moisture migration phenomenon is initially modelled by adopting the classic infiltration theory, and considering the ship motions experienced by bulk carriers. An experimental method is developed to empirically characterise the moisture migration of a coal sample under simulated shipping dynamics. A predictive model is also developed to estimate the total moisture migration in a full size cargo by properly scaling up the experimental results. The model was validated by bilge well log collected from actual coal shipping voyages from Australia to international destinations.     

Potential of migration of active compounds from protein‐based films with essential oils to a food and a food simulant

Migration tests at different temperatures and storage periods were performed to evaluate the release of active compounds from active whey protein films (WPFs) to a food and food simulants. Whey protein film incorporated with different levels of an optimized essential oils (EOs) blend (1%, 2%, 2.7%, and 5%, w/w) were prepared by casting. This blend contained EOs from rosemary and 2 species of cinnamon. Salami was packaged with WPF and stored during 180 days at 5°C. Temperature influenced significantly the migration of compounds (P<.1). It was observed that eucalyptol was the compound that presented the highest potential of migration into 95% ethanol (v/v). After contact of film with salami, it was observed that, in general, more than 50% of active compounds released from WPF to salami. It was observed that higher amounts of active compounds were released to salami than to fatty food simulant. Results suggested that the release of compounds depends on their affinity with the food/food simulant, temperature, their concentration in packaging, and composition of food. Active packaging may ensure the quality of food due the migration of compounds from EO with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity incorporated in the film to the foodstuff.