固化盐渍土抗冻融性能的研究

针对我国西北地区广泛分布的硫酸盐–氯盐盐渍土,设计了两种试验方法:无压力四周给水冻融法和无压力单向给水冻融法,观察固化盐渍土的抗冻融能力。结果显示在不同冻融条件下试件的破坏模式不同。运用土水势分析了冻融过程中水分迁移的动力和传输形式,研究表明:无压力四周给水冻融条件会导致土水势中出现压力势分势,由于压力势的存在,水分率先在试件的外围部分集中饱和,从而形成表层剥蚀;无压力单向给水冻融则消除了压力势的影响,水分得以高度分散而不能局部集中,当整个试件的含水率达到临界值时,试件发生整体的粉碎性破坏。固化剂掺量会影响固化盐渍土的抗冻性能,但足够长的养生期是提高固化盐渍土的抗冻融性能的关键性因素。     

中小流量下黄河下游游荡段河床调整规律

小浪底水库运用后,进入黄河下游河道的水沙情势发生显著变化,大流量洪水频率大幅减小,中小流量洪水作用凸显。为揭示黄河下游游荡段中小流量下的演变特征,本文开展了500、1000、1500和2000 m3/s流量级下黑岗口—夹河滩段的动床物理模型试验。结果表明,垂向上,研究河段河床冲刷与淤积沿程相间分布,具有典型的游荡性河段的冲淤交替特征;横向上,中小流量下游荡段仍存在横向摆动的可能,且随着流量增大,主流弯曲系数由1.18减小至1.13,河道逐渐由蜿蜒向顺直发展;纵向上,各流量下深泓线调整趋势与冲淤量变化规律基本一致。此外,本文着重分析了河道工程与桥下河段河床的时空调整过程并运用随机模型进行了模拟。通过分析发现：时间上,河道工程附近河床垂向调整速率早期较快,之后随时间快速非线性减缓;空间上,桥下河段累积冲刷深度沿程非线性减小,空间衰减特性显著。应用表明,随机模型对典型局部河段的时空调整预测效果较好,相关系数R2可达0.74以上。本文探讨了中小流量下黄河下游典型游荡段长河段与局部的冲淤演变特征,可为未来黄河下游典型游荡性河段的河道整治与保护提供科学依据。     

冻融过程中土中水分迁移室内试验研究

通过调节试验箱顶板、底板和箱体的温度模式,在正冻和正融试验条件下对粉质粘土的水分迁移进行试验研究。共做了四组试验,每组两个试样,一个用于冻结后测含水量,另一个用于测融化到设定位置的含水量。在其他试验条件相同的条件下,改变初始含水量或温度模式,研究了单个因素对水分迁移的影响。     

多年冻土地区路基温度场和水分迁移场耦合问题研究

基于冻土路基特殊的工程性质,对水分迁移结果即含水量变化对温度场的影响特别是对热物理参数的影响进行了研究,考虑温度变化对土体水分迁移机理及计算方法进行了研究,提出了冻土路基水热耦合计算模型,并给出了水热耦合计算的总体流程图,实例计算揭示了冻土路基温度场和含水状态的横向差异。     

GRIMSEL现场的气体渗透试验

自1976年以来，日本核废料管理基金会与研究中心（RWMC）一直在进行核废料处置的研究。最近，RWMC非常关注核废料处置库的监测、遥控以及现场勘查技术等重要的社会公众与技术问题。其中，处置库溢山气体是一项重要的安全可靠性评估项目。这项名为“工程屏障的气体渗透试验”（GMT）的研究是在瑞士Nagra的Grimsel现场实验室进行的。GMT集中研究在粮仓形的处置库中由核废料产生的气体在工程屏障中的渗透问题。在Grimsel现场，一个按比例缩小的工程屏障库由一个具有透气孔的混凝土仓和砂-膨润土缓冲材料组成，缓冲材料被放置在一个专门建造的洞室中。混凝土仓直径为2．5m，高为2．5m，放置在直径为4m的从上到下开挖而成的竖井中。在工程屏障饱和及水渗透试验之后，气体分两个阶段被注入地窖中。气体第一次被注入之后，重复进行水渗透试验，以便观察工程屏障库的变化。第二次气体注入的时候，在工程屏障及岩石圈中采用一种可以多点取样的鸡尾酒气体跟踪器。在气体注入之后，小心挖掘出工程屏障库，然后用各种方法来进行鉴定，并采用实验室以及建模程序来进行现场的模拟研究。     

The effect of diffusion processes on the interaction in multicomponent silicate systems

The results of studying diffusion processes in silicate multicomponent systems, which are widely used as binders in variously purposed composite materials, have been generalized and described. It has been shown that the effective diffusion coefficients of alkali and alkaline-earth cations in a diffusion pair are not a single-valued function of the ion radius of the cation but depend on structural factors and on the energy of the cation bonding with other ions of the melt.     

Influence of corrosion inhibitors on concrete transport properties

The effect on transport properties of admixing corrosion inhibitor in Portland cement based concrete is studied experimentally in this paper. Two commonly available types of corrosion inhibitor have been evaluated: an organic corrosion inhibitor and a nitrite based inhibitor. The gas permeability, water permeability and chloride migration of the resulting concrete were evaluated by means of standard test methods. In some cases, 1% sodium chloride was added to the concrete. It is found that both types of corrosion inhibitor lead to higher transport coefficients. The increment caused by the nitrite based inhibitor is higher than for the amine-ester based inhibitor. The influence of sodium chloride addition during mixing is not prominent. The obtained transport properties are analysed and discussed by means of BSE experiments and image analysis.     

制冷工况下水平埋管换热器运行试验研究

通过夏季工况的地源热泵运行试验,对运行过程中水平埋管的换热性能参数、试验场地周围气象因素和换热过程中土体的温湿度变化等因素进行实时监测,探讨了地源热泵运行过程中水平埋管换热器热交换性能及其周围土壤的温、湿度场变化规律。研究结果表明,地源热泵间隙运行有利于土壤温度场的恢复,随着停机时间的增加,水平埋管与周围土壤的热交换能力明显提高;气候变化对水平埋管周围土壤的温度场分布具有显著影响,随着埋深的递减,土壤温度受气候变化的影响越明显;水平埋管周围土壤温度的变化幅度随着与埋管距离的增加呈递减趋势,其影响半径为1.0m左右;热交换对水平埋管周围土壤湿度场的影响不明显,但大气降雨引起的地表水入渗对土壤湿度场的分布具有显著影响。     

家庭视角乡村人口城镇化迁居决策特征与机制——基于武汉的调研

乡村人口是城镇化进程中的主要微观行为主体,务实深入地研究他们行为决策的特征与机制,是制定合理的城镇化政策的基础。家庭是社会最基本的构成单元,家庭整体的综合理性是乡村人口进行迁居决策的主要基础。基于家庭单元的人口城镇化研究价值日益凸显。梳理武汉市域外围乡村地区的实地调研成果,构建基于家庭的分析框架,重点对不同家庭结构的行为选择特征进行机制解释。发现武汉所代表的中部大都市外围乡村家庭的迁居意愿总体较低,多数家庭通过代际间或夫妻间分工、劳动力近距离流动维持城乡二元兼业模式,家庭成员的行为选择相互补偿,共同追求家庭发展的均衡稳定,半城镇化模式是乡村人口长期理性选择下的均衡模式。城镇化政策的制定要打破这一均衡,必须立足家庭整体理性,顺应家庭聚合发展的总体趋势。     

INTEGRATION OF BIODEGRADATION AND MIGRATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN A 2D PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODEL: APPLICATION TO THE POTIGUAR BASIN,NE BRAZIL

Biodegradation is probably the most important in‐reservoir alteration process and is responsible for the majority of the known heavy oil accumulations. In the present study, biodegradation processes were integrated within a forward basin and petroleum systems model applied to the Potiguar Basin, NE Brazil. This basin was chosen because it has been studied in detail and data from previous investigations are publically available. In order to account for processes occurring during the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, the evolution of fluid properties was simulated through time. In the model, a new approach was developed in order to determine the intensity of microbial activity and the evolution of the oil‐water contact, the zone within which biodegradation is confined. The numerical results obtained by applying the forward simulator to a 2D model of the Potiguar Basin fit the observed data concerning the composition and quality of the oil in a series of oilfields. These accumulations are located along the NE‐SW oriented “Carnaubais trend” and show progressive biodegradation along the migration path from the offshore kitchen area. Our results show that the biodegradation trend observed along the cross‐section can in general be explained by the fact that reservoirs are successively filled as a result of spilling from previous reservoirs, with continuous hydrocarbon degradation occurring within the reservoirs. This charge history resulted in differences in the composition of oils transported from upstream to downstream reservoirs, and in the evolution over time of the ratio between biodegradation and reservoir filling rates. Thus, in addition to residence time in the biodegradation temperature window, the rate of reservoir infill, the rate of oil degradation and the migration pathways are key factors controlling biodegradation. This study also demonstrates how the approach developed within our petroleum system simulator, which integrates both migration and biodegradation, may improve the assessment of oil quantity, quality and migration timing.