A stress-coping profile of opioid dependent individuals entering naltrexone treatment: A comparison with healthy controls.

Background: Stress is known to increase addiction vulnerability and risk of relapse to substance use. Purpose & Method: We compared opioid dependent individuals entering naltrexone treatment (n = 57) with healthy controls (n = 75) on measures of stress, coping, and social support and examined the relative contribution of group membership, coping, and social support to stress within the sample. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA), and stepwise multiple regression were conducted. Results: Compared with controls, opioid dependent subjects reported greater stress, less use of adaptive coping, but comparable use of maladaptive/avoidant coping. No group differences were found with respect to social support. Perceived stress was predicted by group membership, low social support, and greater use of maladaptive/avoidant coping, and the prediction by social support and maladaptive/avoidant coping did not differ by group. Conclusion: Opioid dependent individuals entering naltrexone treatment experience higher levels of stress and report less use of adaptive coping strategies when compared with controls. Group membership, maladaptive/avoidant coping, and social support independently contribute to perceived stress. Findings suggest that novel treatment approaches that decrease maladaptive/avoidant coping and improve social support are important aspects of decreasing stress during early recovery from opioid addiction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

GnRHa用于化疗后生育力保护的循证医学研究进展

随着肿瘤患者长期生存率提高,年轻肿瘤患者化疗后生育力保护的要求日益凸显。早期研究显示促性腺激素释放激素激动剂（GnRHa）具有一定的生育力保护作用,但近年来相关研究显示其保护作用存在争议。本文综述GnRHa用于常见肿瘤患者生育力保护的临床研究,挖掘其循证医学证据,以期为临床合理用药提供参考。     

miR-34a通过调控雄激素受体基因抑制前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP增殖

目的：探究miR-34a对雄激素受体（AR）基因的调控作用及对前列腺癌（PCa）LNCaP细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。方法：收集2016年10月至2019年9月本院泌尿外科行前列腺穿刺活检确诊为PCa患者组织标本36例,另取同期行手术治疗切除的良性前列腺增生（BPH）组织标本41例。体外培养LNCaP细胞,分别转染miR-34a mimics（mimics组）,miR-34a mimic NC（NC组）,设正常生长细胞为空白对照组（BC组）,另在mimics组基础上转染AR过表达（AR过表达组）载体及其对照（AR对照组）,采用CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活性,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色流式细胞凋亡检测试剂盒检测细胞凋亡率,实时定量PCR（RT-qPCR）检测miR-34a及AR mRNA表达水平,免疫印迹法检测AR蛋白、细胞周期蛋白D1（cyclinD1）及原癌基因产物（c-Mcy）、细胞凋亡相关蛋白（Bcl-2、Bax、capase-3）的表达水平。结果：与BPH组织比较,PCa组织中miR-34a表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）,AR mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著增加（P<0.05）;与BC、NC组比较,mimics组LNCap细胞miR-34a表达水平、细胞凋亡率、Bax蛋白表达水平显著增加（P<0.05）,AR、Cyclin D1、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）,同一时间LNCap细胞活力均显著降低（P<0.05）;双荧光素酶实验结果显示,miR-34a与AR可能存在一定的调控关系,过表达AR基因可逆转miR-34a mimics对LNCaP细胞增殖抑制,促进凋亡作用。 结论：miR-34a可能通过调控AR抑制前列腺癌LNCaP细胞增殖,促进其凋亡。     

RON蛋白与CXC趋化因子受体4蛋白的表达与去势抵抗型前列腺癌患者阿比特龙耐药的相关性

目的：研究受体酪氨酸激酶（RON）蛋白与CXC趋化因子受体4（CXCR4）蛋白的表达与去势抵抗型前列腺癌（CRPC）患者阿比特龙耐药的相关性。方法：选取2017年1月至2020年2月我院收治的127例接受阿比特龙治疗的CRPC患者,根据是否耐药分为观察组（n=32,阿比特龙耐药患者）、对照组（n=95,缓解患者）。采用免疫组化与蛋白免疫印迹检测比较两组RON、CXCR4蛋白表达,采用Logistic回归分析进行RON、CXCR4蛋白与耐药的单因素、多因素分析,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）及ROC下面积（AUC）分析RON、CXCR4蛋白预测耐药的价值,并在阿比特龙耐药细胞株中加入RON、CXCR4抑制剂,观察两者对阿比特龙耐药细胞凋亡指标［半胱氨酸蛋白酶（caspase）-3、caspase-9、细胞凋亡率］的影响。结果：免疫组化显示,观察组RON阳性表达率（71.88%,23/32）较对照组（27.37%,26/95）高;观察组CXCR4阳性表达率（65.63%,21/32）较对照组（12.63%,12/95）高;蛋白免疫印迹检测显示,观察组RON、CXCR4蛋白较对照组高（P<0.05）;RON、CXCR4蛋白与耐药均呈正相关（P<0.05）;加入RON、CXCR4抑制剂后,RON、CXCR4表达被成功抑制,且caspase-3、caspase-9、细胞凋亡率均高于阿比特龙耐药细胞株（P<0.05）;Transwell实验检测细胞迁移及侵袭显示,抑制RON、CXCR4表达,细胞迁移及侵袭细胞数目均显著降低（P<0.05）;RON蛋白预测阿比特龙耐药的AUC为0.789,截断值＞4.11,敏感度为84.37%,特异度为61.05%（P<0.05）;CXCR4蛋白预测阿比特龙耐药的AUC为0.825,截断值＞3.42,敏感度为75.00%,特异度为80.00%（P<0.05）;RON+CXCR4蛋白预测阿比特龙耐药的AUC为0.884（95%CI：0.815～0.934）,敏感度为87.50%,特异度为83.16%（P<0.05）。 结论：CRPC患者RON、CXCR4蛋白表达显著增加,与患者阿比特龙耐药密切相关,有望成为预测耐药的标志物,抑制RON、CXCR4蛋白表达,可促进CRPC阿比特龙耐药细胞的凋亡。     

Acute β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl Butyrate Suppresses Regulators of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Lipid Oxidation While Increasing Lipid Content in Myotubes

Leucine modulates synthetic and degradative pathways in muscle, possibly providing metabolic benefits for both athletes and diseased populations. Leucine has become popular among athletes for improving performance and body composition, however little is known about the metabolic effects of the commonly consumed leucine‐derived metabolite β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate (HMB). Our work measured the effects of HMB on metabolic protein expression, mitochondrial content and metabolism, as well as lipid content in skeletal muscle cells. Specifically, cultured C2C12 myotubes were treated with either a control or HMB ranging from 6.25 to 25 μM for 24 h and mRNA and/or protein expression, oxygen consumption, glucose uptake, and lipid content were measured. Contrary to leucine's stimulatory effect on metabolism, HMB‐treated cells exhibited significantly reduced regulators of lipid oxidation including peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and PPARβ/δ, as well as downstream target carnitine palmitoyl transferase, without alterations in glucose or palmitate oxidation. Furthermore, HMB significantly inhibited activation of the master regulator of energetics, AMP‐activated protein kinase. As a result, HMB‐treated cells also displayed reduced total mitochondrial content compared with true control or cells equivocally treated with leucine. Additionally, HMB treatment amplified markers of lipid biosynthesis (PPARγ and fatty acid synthase) as well as consistently promoted elevated total lipid content versus control cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that HMB did not improve mitochondrial metabolism or content, and may promote elevated cellular lipid content possibly through heightened PPARγ expression. These observations suggest that HMB may be most beneficial for populations interested in stimulating anabolic cellular processes.     

Guidelines for the Synthesis of Small‐Molecule Irreversible Probes Targeting G Protein‐Coupled Receptors

Irreversible probes have been proven to be useful pharmacological tools in the study of structural and functional features in drug receptor pharmacology. They have been demonstrated to be particularly valuable for the isolation and purification of receptors. Furthermore, irreversible probes are helpful tools for the identification and characterization of binding sites, thereby supporting the advancement of rational drug design. In this Minireview, we provide insight into universal strategies and guidelines to successfully synthesize irreversible probes that target G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). We provide an overview of commonly used chemoreactive and photoreactive groups, and make a comparison of their properties and potential applications. Furthermore, there is a particular focus on synthetic approaches to introduce these reactive groups based on commercially available reagents.     

Discovery of Highly Potent Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists via a Scaffold‐Hopping Approach

Starting from suvorexant (trade name Belsomra), we successfully identified interesting templates leading to potent dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) via a scaffold‐hopping approach. Structure–activity relationship optimization allowed us not only to improve the antagonistic potency on both orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors (Ox1 and Ox2, respectively), but also to increase metabolic stability in human liver microsomes (HLM), decrease time‐dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, and decrease P‐glycoprotein (Pgp)‐mediated efflux. Compound 80 c [{(1S,6R)‐3‐(6,7‐difluoroquinoxalin‐2‐yl)‐3,8‐diazabicyclo[4.2.0]octan‐8‐yl}(4‐methyl‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐yl)methanone] is a potent and selective DORA that inhibits the stimulating effects of orexin peptides OXA and OXB at both Ox1 and Ox2. In calcium‐release assays, 80 c was found to exhibit an insurmountable antagonistic profile at both Ox1 and Ox2, while displaying a sleep‐promoting effect in rat and dog models, similar to that of the benchmark compound suvorexant.     

Resveratrol Attenuates Acute Inflammatory Injury in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats via Inhibition of TLR4 Pathway

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been proven to play a critical role in neuroinflammation and to represent an important therapeutic target following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Resveratrol (RSV), a natural occurring polyphenolic compound, has a powerful anti-inflammatory property. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of RSV in protecting against early brain injury (EBI) after SAH remain obscure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RSV on the TLR4-related inflammatory signaling pathway and EBI in rats after SAH. A prechiasmatic cistern SAH model was used in our experiment. The expressions of TLR4, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The expressions of Iba-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain cortex were determined by Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neural apoptosis, brain edema, and neurological function were further evaluated to investigate the development of EBI. We found that post-SAH treatment with RSV could markedly inhibit the expressions of TLR4, HMGB1, MyD88, and NF-κB. Meanwhile, RSV significantly reduced microglia activation, as well as inflammatory cytokines leading to the amelioration of neural apoptosis, brain edema, and neurological behavior impairment at 24 h after SAH. However, RSV treatment failed to alleviate brain edema and neurological deficits at 72 h after SAH. These results indicated that RSV treatment could alleviate EBI after SAH, at least in part, via inhibition of TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway.     

腺苷A2AR拮抗剂对中枢炎症性小胶质细胞形态和功能的影响

目的:探讨腺苷A2A受体拮抗剂对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）的治疗作用及其对中枢炎症性小胶质细胞形态和功能的影响。方法:MOG35-55免疫诱导建立EAE模型,EAE小鼠出现神经功能缺损症状后开始腹腔注射腺苷A2AR拮抗剂至发病后第10天。ELISA法检测中枢神经系统内IFN-γ、IL-17、TGF-β、IL-10的表达情况,免疫荧光双重染色法检测小胶质细胞内M1型细胞标志物诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和M2型细胞标志物精氨酸酶I（ArgI）的合成情况。离体培养BV-2小胶质细胞,LPS诱导的小胶质细胞炎症反应,并予A2AR拮抗剂干预,Real-time PCR和ELISA法检测M1型和M2型细胞相关的细胞因子RNA表达水平和分泌水平。Western Blot法检测各组小胶质细胞内M1型和M2型细胞标志物的表达量。结果:腺苷A2AR拮抗剂能有效缓解发病后EAE小鼠的神经功能缺损症状,降低IFN-γ的分泌水平,使M1型细胞相关的iNOS合成减少,M2型细胞相关的ArgI合成增多。腺苷A2AR拮抗剂能减少LPS刺激后BV-2小胶质细胞M1型细胞相关的细胞因子IL-1β的mRNA表达量和分泌量,对M2型细胞相关的细胞因子及蛋白无显著影响。结论:腺苷A2AR拮抗剂对发病后的EAE小鼠有肯定的治疗作用,其机制可能与改变中枢炎症过程中小胶质细胞的表型（M1/M2转换）改变（形态和功能）有关。     

2-Arachidonoyl glycerol suppresses gastric emptying via the cannabinoid receptor 1-cholecystokinin signaling pathway in mice

2-Monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) is one of the digestion products of dietary lipids. We recently demonstrated that a 2-MAG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) potently stimulated cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion via cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in a murine CCK-producing cell line, STC-1. CCK plays a crucial role in suppressing postprandial gastric emptying. To examine the effect of 2-AG on gastric emptying, we performed acetaminophen and phenol red recovery tests under oral or intraperitoneal administration of 2-AG in mice. Orally administered 2-AG (25 mg/kg) suppressed the gastric emptying rate in mice, as determined by the acetaminophen absorption test and phenol red recovery test. Intraperitoneal administration of a cholecystokinin A receptor antagonist (0.5 mg/kg) attenuated the gastric inhibitory emptying effect. In addition, both oral (10 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal (0.5 mg/kg) administration of a CB1 antagonist counteracted the 2-AG-induced gastric inhibitory effect. Furthermore, intraperitoneal 2-AG (25 mg/kg) suppressed gastric emptying. These results indicate that 2-AG exhibits an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying in mice, possibly mediated by stimulating both CCK secretion via CB1 expressed in CCK-producing cells and acting on CB1 expressed in the peripheral nerves. Our findings provide novel insights into the 2-MAG-sensing mechanism in enteroendocrine cells and the physiological role of 2-MAG.