Polylactide films formed by immersion precipitation: Effects of additives,nonsolvent, and temperature

The influence of nonsolvent, crystallinity of the polymer film, and addition of dodecane (a poor solvent for the polymer and for the nonsolvent) on the morphology of polylactides films has been investigated and was related to phase separation behavior. Both amorphous poly‐DL ‐lactide (PDLLA) and crystalline poly‐L ‐lactide (PLLA) were dissolved in dichloromethane, and subsequently films were made by immersion in nonsolvent baths. PDLLA gave dense films without any internal structure, since the structure was not solidified by crystallization or glassification. PLLA films show varying structure depending on the nonsolvent. With methanol, asymmetric morphologies were observed as a result from combined liquid‐liquid demixing and crystallization, while with water symmetric spherulitic structures were formed. As a next step, dodecane was added, which is not miscible with the nonsolvent, and we found it to have a strong influence on the morphology of the films. The PDLLA films with dodecane did not collapse: a closed cell structure was obtained. In PLLA films, dodecane speeds up phase separation and induces faster crystallization in the films, and the porosity, size of the pores, and interconnectivity increased. When the PLLA solutions were subjected to a heat pretreatment, crystallization could be postponed, which yielded a cellular structure around dodecane, which did not contain spherulites anymore. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 959–971, 2007     

降低蒸发系统中结盐的措施

分析了液碱蒸发装置结盐对蒸发传热系数、生产能力和蒸汽消耗的影响。通过减少盐进入量，降低蒸发装置结盐速率和优化操作来解决蒸发系统的结盐问题，达到了降低汽耗、提高效能的目的。     

不同官能度环氧树脂的阳离子光固化研究

对4种不同官能度的环氧树脂在紫外光辐照下用一种二苯基碘钅翁盐或两种二烷基苯甲酰锍盐光引发剂进行阳离子光固化的体系作了系统的研究。研究结果表明,二氨基二苯甲烷环氧树脂AG-80不能阳离子光固化,而E-51,711和TDE-85均可在二苯基碘钅翁六氟磷酸盐或1-甲基-1-十二烷基苯甲酰甲基六氟锑酸锍盐作用下进行紫外光引发阳离子聚合,其中二苯基碘钅翁六氟磷酸盐引发E-51环氧树脂阳离子光固化的效果最好,该树脂体系可用做紫外光固化复合材料的树脂基体。研究还发现,在停止紫外光辐照后,由于阳离子聚合链终止困难而使碘钅翁盐引发的环氧树脂光固化体系存在后固化现象,后固化速度与后固化时的温度有关。     

氨法处理硫酸装置尾气生产亚铵的实践

介绍用氨法处理硫酸装置尾气生产亚硫酸铵的工艺流程、控制指标、主要设备和生产运行情况。实践表明,氨法SO2吸收率高,可实现装置尾气达标排放,但也存在产品品位较低的问题。对问题进行了分析并提出改进意见。     

R12TAB/正丁醇/正癸烷/水体系相态的研究

绘制了阳离子表面活性剂R12TAB／正丁醇／正癸烷／水体系的拟三元相图，确定了微乳液区、微乳液／液晶共存区及不同液晶区域的范围。用^2HNMR和差示扫描量热法(DSC)与液晶纹理相互对照，研究了该体系的液晶结构特点。结果表明：含质量分数为25％～75％正癸烷的各相图内，除了存在着层状、六角状单相液晶区和层状／六角状／立方状共存的混合液晶区域外，还存在着液晶／微乳液共存的区域，且随着正癸烷质量分数的增加，微乳液及液晶区域逐渐缩小。     

The effect of increasing application rate of granular calcium ammonium nitrate on net nitrification in a laboratory study of grassland soils

Soil incubation studies were undertaken in controlled environment cabinets at 15°C to investigate the effect of increasing application rates of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on net nitrification in two grassland soils. Granular CAN was applied to the surface of freshly collected, moist soil, at a rate equivalent to 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600µg NH ₄ ⁺ -N and NO ₃ ^- -N per gram of oven dry soil. In half the treatments finely ground CaCO₃ was incorporated into the moist soil to raise the starting pH. Changes in soil mineral N and pH were measured at weekly intervals up to six-weeks. The most probable number (MPN) technique was used to enumerate the NH ₄ ⁺ -N and NO ₂ ^- -N oxidizers at the beginning and end of the incubation.At low rates of CAN application there was considerable NH ₄ ⁺ -N oxidation to NO ₃ ^- -N during the incubation of both soils. Lime stimulated this N transformation. At high application rates (i.e. 800 and 1600 ppm) there was little change in NH ₄ ⁺ -N or NO ₃ ^- -N on either soil during the 6 week incubation, in the presence or absence of lime. The rate of NO ₃ ^- -N produced peaked at 5.6 and 3.8 mg NO ₃ ^- -N kg^–1 d^–1 on soil 1 and 2 respectively, in the presence of lime. Above a level of 400 ppm CAN (equivalent to 38 kg N ha^–1) the rate of NO ₃ ^- -N produced decreased. The higher rate of net nitrification in soil 1 compared with soil 2 was probably due to a higher number of nitrifying bacteria. Although high rates of CAN decreased the nitrifying activity of both soils there was little difference between treatments in the actual numbers of NH ₄ ⁺ -N and NO ₂ ^- -N oxidizers determined by the MPN technique.The results showed that the rate of granular CAN applied to the soil surface can influence the local activity of nitrifying bacteria and subsequent N transformations. At application rates of CAN generally used agriculturally for grass production, it is likely that net nitrification of the NH ₄ ⁺ -N in the fertilizer granule will be inhibited.     

Guayule seedling response to nitrogen fertilizers

Slow growth and high seedling mortality limit direct seeding establishment of guayule (Parthenium argentatum G.). This study was conducted to assess seedling growth enhancement by the addition of different rates and forms of N fertilizers and Ca salts. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with cultivar 593 under both surface and subirrigated conditions using water low in salts (salinity of 0.8 dSm^–1, SAR of 5.0 and 10 mg Ca L^–1). Under surface-irrigated conditions, seedling height and fresh plant weight increased with N application to the irrigation water to 70 mg L^–1. The best seedling growth was observed when (NH₄)₂SO₄ was added in combination with CaCl₂ or CaSO₄. Progressively less growth was observed by addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ alone, CO(NH₂)₂ plus CaSO₄, CO(NH₂)₂ alone and Ca(NO₃)₂. When seedlings were subirrigated, however, the best growth was observed with Ca(NO₃)₂. Intermediate growth was obtained with (NH₄)₂SO₄ plus CaSO₄ and lowest growth rates with (NH₄)₂SO₄ alone. These differential responses may be explained by the differences in leaching and volatile characteristics of the N forms. Growth enhancement from N and Ca additions increased with time with significant increases 45 days after seeding. Nitrogen application with Ca may be effective amendment in promoting subsequent growth of direct seeded guayule.     

料浆法磷铵工艺的历史和近期技术进展

简单回顾“中和料浆浓缩法磷铵工艺”在我国的发展历史和现状 ,着重介绍该工艺与采用传统“磷酸浓缩工艺”的大型进口磷铵装置实现“联产”,促进、优化后者的生产和经营的科技创意和实践 ,展望该工艺最新技术进展的推广应用前景     

青岗钾肥厂试车小结

为满足农业生产上对硫酸钾的需求，化工部上海化工研究院复肥所着重开发了硫铵转化法的生产工艺，并在推广过程中，针对操作工艺和设备上所存在的问题，继续探索，取得了新的结果。该技术已用于青岗钾肥厂万吨级硫酸钾生产装置。本文着重介绍了该装置在试车过程中所发生的问题及处理方法。     

溴化十六烷基三甲基铵胶束高效液相色谱的研究和应用

研究了苯、苯胺、苯酚和甲苯在以溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTAB)水溶液为移动相,YWG-NH_2为固定相时的保留行为。当柱温为45℃、移动相组成为5%正丙醇(或9%乙醇)的0.03mol/L CTAB 时,苯、苯胺、苯酚和甲苯分离最佳。还计算了溶质传质过程的焓值及其在水、胶束、固定相间的分配系数。