Mathematical Models of Flavor Release from Liquid Emulsions

The penetration theory of interfacial mass transfer was used to model flavor release from liquid emulsions. The model was used to predict the rates of release and partitioning properties of two volatiles, one hydrophilic (diacetyl) and the other hydrophobic (heptan-2-one), as a function of the oil volume fraction. In general the initial rates of release were faster for emulsions of lower oil content, whereas the equilibrium concentrations depended on the nature of the flavor compound and the volume fraction of oil in the emulsion. Experimental in vitro results suggested that the rate limiting step for flavor release was the resistance to mass transport across the emulsion-gas interface.     

Nb／Cu液渗复合材料的试验研究

研究了金属Ｎｂ液态渗Ｃｕ制备复合材料的方法,并通过对Ｎｂ／２０Ｃｕ复合材料的组织分析和性能研究,确认Ｎｂ／２０Ｃｕ复合材料比纯铌粉末冶金材料的力学,电学,热学和抗氧化性能均具有所提高,从而为改善钝铌制品的使用性能提供了试验依据。ｒｍｈｊ ｔｌｆ     

逆变焊机及数字化控制技术

逆变焊机在效率、体积、质量、控制性能方面具有明显优势,已成为焊接加工业的主流产品.数字化逆变焊机是实现数字化焊接的基础设备,与传统模拟焊机相比,在输出电流波形控制、集成多种焊接方法及特性、实现多种材料的焊接性能、工艺适应性方面有很大的提升,使得焊机控制的柔性化、网络化和智能化等自动化焊接管理系统成为可能.在此综合分析了数字化逆变焊机的现状及发展趋势,以及基于上述优点在焊接工艺、生产管理、配套机器人等方面取得的成功案例.     

储藏温度对侵入鲜切胡萝卜、黄瓜内部大肠杆菌生长的影响

为研究储藏温度对侵入鲜切蔬菜内部大肠杆菌生长的影响,以鲜切胡萝卜、黄瓜为原料浸泡接种大肠杆菌,分别置于4、12、24℃的条件下储藏,测定分析大肠杆菌在两种鲜切蔬菜中的侵入能力以及在储藏过程中的生长情况。结果表明,大肠杆菌能够侵入到鲜切胡萝卜、黄瓜内部。在4、12℃储藏过程中,侵入鲜切蔬菜内部的大肠杆菌数量随着储藏时间延长而逐渐降低(p<0.05)。当储藏温度升高至24℃时,随着储藏时间的延长,侵入鲜切胡萝卜5~8 mm处的大肠杆菌缓慢下降,而侵入鲜切黄瓜内部不同深度大肠杆菌在储藏1~3 d无显著变化(p>0.05),在第5 d时略有下降。通过比较两种鲜切蔬菜中大肠杆菌的生长情况发现,在三种温度条件下储藏过程中,侵入鲜切黄瓜内部大肠杆菌的生长情况均优于侵入鲜切胡萝卜中的大肠杆菌。      

腌制方法对鸭蛋黄成分变化及品质影响

研究了鸭蛋在草木灰包裹法和盐水浸泡法腌制过程中,水分含量、盐分含量、R值与Q值,蛋黄总脂肪、可溶性蛋白质和巯基含量的变化以及成熟(7周)后两者蛋黄的感官品质。7周内,随腌制时间的延长,浸泡法鸭蛋黄水分含量明显低于包裹法鸭蛋黄,盐分含量却高于包裹法;蛋清R值高于蛋黄,灰蛋的R值、Q值都低于盐水蛋。第7周,灰蛋和盐水蛋的Q值上升为0.88和0.90;脂肪占湿重的含量上升至48.45%和50.67%,而腌制期总脂肪量是没有变化的;可溶性蛋白质含量增加至6.75%和6.08%;表面巯基和游离巯基下降至0.31、0.28mmol/g蛋黄和1.68、1.34mmol/g蛋黄。灰蛋蛋黄在形态、滋味和气味方面明显优于盐水蛋,感官评分分别为88.9和78.65。     

应用碰撞理论探讨制浆反应的效率(上)

本文基于碰撞理论,对制浆反应机理进行说明,包括碰撞频率、碰到正确位向的机率及能量因子;主要介绍了碰撞频率的重要性,从木材的微细结构出发,分析蒸煮液渗透的途径及障碍,并基于润湿的原理阐述制备渗透剂的注意事项。     

Analysis of Energy Saving and Environmental Characteristics of Electric Vehicles in Regionally Disaggregated World Energy Model

This paper investigates the impact of an extensive introduction of electric vehicles (EV) and plug‐in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) into the global energy system by 2050. The significant growth of automobile ownership in emerging countries is likely to increase world oil demand and the associated carbon dioxide emissions. In order to address these energy, security, and environmental concerns, the deployment of clean energy vehicles, such as EV and PHEV, is expected to play a crucial role due to their high fuel efficiency. Consequently, we develop both a global energy system model and a world vehicle penetration model, which can explicitly analyze the impact of EV introduction into the seasonal daily electric load curve, with consideration of the specific electricity charging profile through 2050. The simulation results confirm that EV deployment contributes to energy conservation, because oil demand reduction outstrips the growth in electricity demand and the associated fuel input into the power generation mix. Concerning carbon dioxide abatement, the magnitude of the impact relies on the carbon intensity of the power generation mix. If the intensity is low enough to guarantee a carbon mitigation effect due to EV fuel saving, emissions reduction is well assured. It should be noted, however, that in regions with high carbon intensity in the power generation mix, carbon emissions per mileage of EVs is almost equivalent to that of efficient gasoline vehicles such as hybrid vehicles, and the figure for PHEV is slightly higher than for hybrid vehicles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(4): 20–36, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22373     

Water absorption by lacquer coatings

The amount of water absorbed by lacquer coatings on a metallic substrate was determined on the basis of electrical measurements. The time necessary for penetration of water down to the substrate was determined which allowed the evaluation of diffusion coefficients. Capacitance measurements were also carried out. The results obtained with these two methods were consistent within the limits of experimental error. The calculations were made with the assumption that the transport of water occurs in accordance with Fick's law. The knowledge of the diffusion coefficient for water can be the basis for the comparative evaluation of varnish coating quality from the protective properties point of view.     

Visualization of connectivity in octree based models

An interesting problem in the oil and gas industry is the visualization of the movement of oil and gas in porous media. An example of such a medium is a rock sample with some distribution of holes (pores) connected by channels (pore throats), the solid parts of the rock are called grains. In our work we have simulated the porous medium using a pointer-based octree, representing these pores and grains. This data structure allows us to model the connectivity of the pores and thus visualize fluid penetration within the medium. Whereas earlier models represent a serious simplifications or two dimensional homogeneous layers, our model provides us with a statistically accurate distribution in three dimensions and a more accurate representation of the connectivity. In this paper we present our data structure and the techniques which were used to create models of porous media and their porous networks. Next, we present algorithms for connectivity in octrees and we show how to apply them to modelling and visualization of fluid penetration in porous media.