Response of donor and recipient cells after transplantation of cells to the ligament and tendon

The mechanical properties of healing ligaments and tendons are not comparable to those of normal tissue. To improve the quality of the ligament healing, therapeutic strategies include gene transfer or placement of mesenchymal stem cells at the healing site. Studies show that marker genes, growth factors, and antisense oligonucleotides can be delivered to both normal and healing ligaments and tendons by gene transfer. Cells with and without genetic modification have been successfully transplanted to ligaments and tendons and remain viable. Tendon healing can be improved using collagen gel implants seeded with autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Even though these early results are encouraging, more work is required regarding the response of the recipient site to donor cells or vectors.     

Caiman periodontium as an intermediate between basal vertebrate ankylosis-type attachment and mammalian "true" periodontium

The teeth of many fish, amphibia, and reptiles are attached to the alveolar bone via ankylosis. In contrast, mammalian periodontia are characterized by a gomphosis, an attachment of the tooth root in the alveolar bone socket via periodontal ligament fibers. Among the reptiles, the crocodilians are the only group featuring a gomphosis-type connection between tooth root and alveolar bone, while in other reptiles tooth-root and jawbone are connected via ankylosis. The purpose of the present study was to compare several key features of the crocodilian periodontium with those of the mammalian and noncrocodilian reptile periodontium. As experimental models for our study we chose the periodontium of newborn geckos (Hemidacylus turcicus), juvenile caimans (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus), and 10-day-postnatal Swiss-Webster mice (Mus musculus) as representative models for noncrocodilian reptiles, crocodilian reptiles, and mammals. The caiman periodontium emerged as an intermediary between the mineral-free mouse ligament and the mineralized gecko ankylosis-type attachment. Caiman ligament fibers were less organized than mouse ligament fibers but featured distinct fasciae surrounding ligament fiber bundles. Caiman Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) was similarly perforated as mouse HERS and distinctly different from the continuous gecko HERS. Both caiman and mouse HERS covered the entire tooth root length, while in the gecko HERS was limited to the coronal portion of the root, allowing for cementoid-mediated ankylosis at the apical tip of the root. We interpret our data to indicate distinct differences in mineral distribution, periodontal ligament fiber organization, and HERS distribution between noncrocodilian reptiles, crocodilian reptiles, and mammals. Mineral deposits in the caiman ligament may reflect an evolutionary position of the caiman periodontium between ankylosis and gomphosis.     

重轨钢动态断裂韧度KId的试验研究

采用夏比冲式样，用摆锤式冲击试验机对重轨钢的断裂韧度ＫＩｄ进行了试验研究。用无量纲柔度法测定了重轨钢动态几何因子ｆ（ａ／Ｗ）值。试验结果表明，加载速率芭及试样韧带宽度的取值范围对ＫＩｄ有一定影响。本试验结果对攀钢生产的重轨钢的动态断裂韧度具有一定参考价值。     

Impact of Oral Microbiome in Periodontal Health and Periodontitis: A Critical Review on Prevention and Treatment

The skin, oral cavity, digestive and reproductive tracts of the human body harbor symbiotic and commensal microorganisms living harmoniously with the host. The oral cavity houses one of the most heterogeneous microbial communities found in the human organism, ranking second in terms of species diversity and complexity only to the gastrointestinal microbiota and including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. The accumulation of microbial plaque in the oral cavity may lead, in susceptible individuals, to a complex host-mediated inflammatory and immune response representing the primary etiological factor of periodontal damage that occurs in periodontitis. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting about 20–50% of people worldwide and manifesting clinically through the detection of gingival inflammation, clinical attachment loss (CAL), radiographic assessed resorption of alveolar bone, periodontal pockets, gingival bleeding upon probing, teeth mobility and their potential loss in advanced stages. This review will evaluate the changes characterizing the oral microbiota in healthy periodontal tissues and those affected by periodontal disease through the evidence present in the literature. An important focus will be placed on the immediate and future impact of these changes on the modulation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome and clinical management of periodontal disease.     

应用纳米多孔双相磷酸钙陶瓷再生的牙周组织对正畸力应答的免疫组织学研究

为了观察纳米多孔双相磷酸钙陶瓷（nano porous biphasic calciump hosphate,PBCP）再生的牙周组织对正畸力应答的组织学研究,将2只成年比格犬的上、下颌各一颗第三切牙进行牙周再生手术,术后六个月后对实验牙和对侧同名牙进行正畸牙移动,4周后处死动物,对标本常规脱钙,石蜡包埋,切片,行骨钙素免疫组化实验,镜下观察,再生的牙周组织和对照组同部位的骨钙素阳性表达情况无明显差异,结果表明,应用PBCP再生的牙周组织进行正畸牙移动是基本可行的。     

In situ forming implants for the delivery of metronidazole to periodontal pockets: formulation and drug release studies

This study was performed to obtain prolonged drug release with biodegradable in situ forming implants for the local delivery of metronidazole to periodontal pockets. The effect of polymer type (capped and uncapped PLGA), solvent type (water-miscible and water-immiscible) and the polymer/drug ratio on in vitro drug release studies were investigated. In situ implants with sustained metronidazole release and low initial burst consisted of capped PLGA and N-methyl-2-pyrolidone as solvent. Mucoadhesive polymers were incorporated into the in situ implants in order to modify the properties of the delivery systems towards longer residence times in vivo. Addition of the polymers changed the adhesiveness and increased the viscosity and drug release of the formulations. However, sustained drug release over 10 days was achievable. Biodegradable in situ forming implants are therefore an attractive delivery system to achieve prolonged release of metronidazole at periodontal therapy.     

Taxonomic and Gene Category Analyses of Subgingival Plaques from a Group of Japanese Individuals with and without Periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammation of tooth-supporting tissues, which is caused by bacteria in the subgingival plaque (biofilm) and the host immune response. Traditionally, subgingival pathogens have been investigated using methods such as culturing, DNA probes, or PCR. The development of next-generation sequencing made it possible to investigate the whole microbiome in the subgingival plaque. Previous studies have implicated dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome in the etiology of periodontitis. However, details are still lacking. In this study, we conducted a metagenomic analysis of subgingival plaque samples from a group of Japanese individuals with and without periodontitis. In the taxonomic composition analysis, genus Bacteroides and Mycobacterium demonstrated significantly different compositions between healthy sites and sites with periodontal pockets. The results from the relative abundance of functional gene categories, carbohydrate metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, amino acid metabolism, replication and repair showed significant differences between healthy sites and sites with periodontal pockets. These results provide important insights into the shift in the taxonomic and functional gene category abundance caused by dysbiosis, which occurs during the progression of periodontal disease.     

Oxygen Self-Sufficient Nanoplatform for Enhanced and Selective Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy against Anaerobe-Induced Periodontal Disease

The hypoxic microenvironment, continuous oxygen consumption, and poor excitation light penetration depth during antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) tremendously hinder the effects on bacterial inactivation. Herein, a smart nanocomposite with oxygen-self-generation is presented for enhanced and selective antibacterial properties against anaerobe-induced periodontal diseases. By encapsulating Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, Chlorin e6 and Coumarin 6 in the amphiphilic silane, combined light (red and infrared) stimulated aPDT is realized due to the increased conjugate structure, the corresponding red-shifted absorption, and the magnetic navigation performance. To address the hypoxic microenvironment problem, further modification of MnO₂ nanolayer on the composites is carried out, and catalytical activity is involved for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produced in the metabolic processing, providing sufficient oxygen for aPDT in infection sites. Experiments in the cellular level and animal model proved that the rising oxygen content could effectively relieve the hypoxia in a periodontal pocket and enhance the ROS production, remarkably boosting aPDT efficacy. The increasing local level of oxygen also shows the selective inhibition of pathogenic and anaerobic bacteria, which determines the success of periodontitis treatment. Therefore, this finding is promising for combating anaerobic pathogens with enhanced and selective properties in periodontal diseases, even in other bacteria-induced infections, for future clinical application.     

A nonlinear poroelastic model for the periodontal ligament

A coupled elastic-poroelastic model for the simulation of the PDL and the adjacent tooth is presented. A poroelastic constitutive material model for the periodontal ligament (PDL) is derived. The solid phase is modeled by means of a Fung material law, accounting for large displacements and strains. Numerical solutions are performed by means of a multigrid Newton method to solve the arising large nonlinear system. Finally, by means of numerical experiments, the biomechanical response of the PDL is studied. In particular, the effect of the hydraulic conductivity and of the mechanical parameters of a Fung potential is investigated in two realistic applications.