白腐菌预处理对稻草化学组分及酶水解的影响

采用5株白腐菌预处理稻草,对预处理过程中产生的木质纤维素降解酶系以及稻草化学组分变化进行了分析,研究了预处理对后续纤维素酶水解效率的影响。研究结果表明,5株白腐菌在预处理期间(0~50天)均能检测到漆酶(Lac)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和纤维素酶(Cel)活性,但未检测到木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)活性。其中凤尾菇培养第20天Lac活性达到最高,为2244 U/L;平菇培养40天MnP活性最高,达771 U/L;凤尾菇和平菇的木质素降解选择性指数(SI)随着预处理时间延长呈上升趋势,培养至50天时平菇的SI达到1.87,比其它4株白腐菌表现出更好的选择性降解木质素能力。云芝4号、平菇和凤尾菇表现出良好的预处理效果,经此3菌株预处理50天的稻草粉,在每克底物20 FPU酶用量条件下用纤维素酶水解48 h,酶水解总糖转化率分别达到59.6%、56.3%和54.4%。     

Monoterpene Emissions from Lodgepole and Jack Pine Bark Inoculated with Mountain Pine Beetle‐Associated Fungi

Abstract

Relative monoterpene levels were analyzed from bark samples of lodgepole pine, jack pine, and their hybrids inoculated with mountain pine beetle (MPB)–associated fungi (Leptographium longiclavatum, Grosmannia clavigera, and Ophiostoma montium). Lodgepole pine showed the largest changes in relative emissions as a result of fungal inoculation. The relative emission of β‐phellandrene increased with fungal inoculation, making it the most abundant monoterpene for inoculated samples. Relative emissions of limonene and α‐pinene decreased in inoculated lodgepole pine. Lodgepole (5.6) and jack (146) pine differed in the ratio of α‐pinene to myrcene; two monoterpenes involved in pheromone synthesis by the MPB. These differences may contribute to the attractiveness of the two species as hosts for MPB; with jack pine potentially less attractive than lodgepole pine. Fungal inoculation reduced α‐pinene:myrcene ratios in lodgepole pine, which suggests one possible mechanism by which the fungi benefit the beetle.     

Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: current knowledge and future directions

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds that have accumulated in the natural environment mainly as a result of anthropogenic activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels. Interest has surrounded the occurrence and distribution of PAHs for many decades due to their potentially harmful effects to human health. This concern has prompted researchers to address ways to detoxify/remove these organic compounds from the natural environment. Bioremediation is one approach that has been used to remediate contaminated land and waters, and promotes the natural attenuation of the contaminants using the in situ microbial community of the site. This review discusses the variety of fungi and bacteria that are capable of these transformations, describes the major aerobic and anaerobic breakdown pathways, and highlights some of the bioremediation technologies that are currently available. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

性激素三孢酸在类胡萝卜素生产菌三孢布拉氏霉中的合成代谢研究进展

类胡萝卜素是重要的精细化学品,三孢布拉氏霉是发酵法生产类胡萝卜素的常用菌种。近年来研究者对影响三孢布拉氏霉类胡萝卜素产量的影响因素做了大量的研究,结果显示三孢酸是最重要的影响因子之一。本文根据国内外研究进展,从发酵法生产类胡萝卜素的研究现状、三孢酸类化合物的结构及其生理功能、三孢酸合成途径研究及三孢酸合成途径中的分子机制等几个方面做了综述报告。     

草甘膦对土壤微生物影响的研究

研究了草甘膦在5种浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明,在供试浓度下,该除草剂对土壤微生物的种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率均具有一定的抑制作用。并随药剂浓度的升高抑制作用逐渐增强。加药后2～7d,对细菌种群数量的抑制率为17．5％～100％,抑菌圈直径达0.07～0．87cm;对放线菌种群数量的抑制率为2．1％～100％,抑菌圈直径达0～0．83cm;对真菌种群数量的抑制率为9.9％～100％,生长速率的抑制率达7．3％～85．7％。随着加药时间的延长,对土壤微生物的抑制作用又逐渐减弱。     

漆酶分泌及其活性影响因素综述

探讨了有机添加剂、无机添加剂、培养条件等因素对不同种属的白腐茵分泌漆酶能力的影响;并且从温度、pH值和共存化合物等3个方面进一步阐述了不同培养条件对漆酶活性的影响。     

食(药)用真菌多糖研究进展

综述了食(药)用真菌多糖的提取工艺、化学结构、生物活性以及食(药)用真菌多糖产品的开发现状,展望了 食(药)用真菌多糖的研发前景。     

Chemical response of Picea glehnii seed-epiphytic Penicillium species to Pythium vexans under in vitro competitive conditions for mycelial growth

The potential protection of Picea glehnii seedlings from damping-off by seed-epiphytic Penicillium species was investigated. We studied the chemical response of seed-epiphytic Penicillium species (Pen. cyaneum, Pen. damascenum, and Pen. implicatum) to Pythium vexans, a damping-off fungus, in vitro. Penicillium species were cultured singly or cocultured with Pyt. vexans for 14 or 18 d, and mycelial growth, pH of culture filtrate, antifungal activity of the culture filtrate against Pyt. vexans, and the amount of antifungal compound produced by each Penicillium species, were examined. The filtrate of both the single culture of Penicillium and the coculture of Penicillium and Pyt. vexans showed antifungal activity against Pyt. vexans. In a coculture with Pyt. vexans, Pen. cyaneum produced an antifungal compound (patulin) as in the single culture. Pen. damascenum cocultured with Pyt. vexans produced an antifungal compound (citrinin), as it did in the single culture and in larger amounts on day 10. Pen. implicatum produced two antifungal compounds, frequentin and palitantin, and the ratio of frequentin (with higher antifungal activity than palitantin) to palitantin was higher in the coculture with Pyt. vexans than in the single culture. Our results indicate that these Penicillium species have the ability to produce antifungal compounds and to keep antifungal activity under competitive condition with Pyt. vexans. The chemical response of these Penicillium species to Pyt. vexans may contribute to protect P. glehnii seedlings from damage by Pyt. vexans.     

The Identification of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol as an Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Cutaneous Bacteria of the Salamander <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plethodon cinereus</Emphasis>

Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant–bacteria–fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi.     

医院感染酵母样真菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院感染酵母样真菌分布及耐药性性况,供临床借鉴。方法采用回顾性资料分析2005年4月～2006年11月间,从我院各临床标本中分离到的酵母样真菌菌种及其耐药性情况。结果从各临床标本中分离出219株酵母样真菌,其中白色念珠菌占41.5%,葡萄牙念珠菌15.1%,热带念珠菌12.4%,白珠拟酵母菌9.6%,酵母样真菌对多烯类药的两性霉素B和制毒菌素有高度敏感性,分别是97.6%和96.5%;对5-氟胞嘧啶和酮康唑敏感性低,分别是33.4%和37.9%。结论医院感染酵母样真菌主要是白色念珠菌,各种酵母样真菌对唑类各核苷类抗真菌药有不同程度耐药,应引起临床关注。