生物技术在造纸工业废水中的应用

白腐菌是一种有效处理造纸工业废水的丝状真菌,它可以通过其分泌的特殊的降解酶系降解废水中的污染物。本文综述了目前国际上生物技术――微生物(白腐菌)在造纸工业废水中的应用,阐述了白腐菌的生物学特性及其对造纸废水中木素、有机氯化物的降解和脱色的国内外研究和应用,并对其机理作了分析和探讨。     

Evaluation of basidiomycetous fungi for pretreatment of contaminated soil

BACKGROUND: For most dioxin‐contaminated sawmill soils, combustion is recommended. However, the process may be inefficient if the soil has a high organic matter content. The use of saprotrophic basidiomycetous fungi is an alternative for pretreatment of this kind of soil. A total of 147 fungi were evaluated for their ability to grow in sawmill soil. From this screening, the best soil colonizing fungi were selected to study their enzyme activities and degradation of soil organic matter. Pine (Pinus sylvestris) bark was used as a co‐substrate to propagate the fungi into the soil. The activities of manganese peroxidase (MnP), laccase, endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase, endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase, and endo‐1,4‐β‐mannanase were analysed from the inocula and fungal treated soil. RESULTS: The screening revealed that 56 out of 147 fungi were able to grow in non‐sterile soil, and most of them were litter‐decomposing fungi (LDF). In pine bark cultures, the highest enzyme activities were observed with Phanerochaete velutina, which produced 5 U g^?1 of MnP. The activity of endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase was generally higher than that of other hydrolytic enzymes. The highest carbon loss from soil with a high organic matter content was achieved by P. velutina (3.4%) and Stropharia rugosoannulata (2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Many LDF, and in addition the white‐rot fungus P. velutina, are potential degraders of soil organic matter since they showed good growth and respiratory activity. Pine bark was a suitable lignocellulosic co‐substrate and a good promoter of MnP activity. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of Radionuclides by Fungal Biomass

Four kinds of bioreactor were evaluated for thorium removal by fungal biomass. Static-bed or stirred-bed bioreactors did not give satisfactory thorium removal probably because of poor mixing. An air-lift bioreactor removed approximately 90–95% of the thorium supplied over extended time periods and exhibited a well-defined breakthrough point after biosorbent saturation. The air-lift bioreactor promoted efficient circulation and effective contact between the thorium solution and the mycelial pellets. Of several fungal species tested, Rhizopus arrhizus and Aspergillus niger were the most effective biosorbents with loading capacities of 0.5 and 0.6 mmol g^?1 respectively (116 and 138 mg g^?1) at an inflow thorium concentration of 3 mmol dm^?3. The efficiency of thorium biosorption by A. niger was markedly reduced in the presence of other inorganic solutes while thorium biosorption by R. arrhizus was relatively unaffected. Air-lift bioreactors containing R. arrhizus biomass could effectively remove thorium from acidic solution (1 mol dm^?3 HNO₃) over a wide range of initial thorium concentrations (0.1–3 mmol dm^?3). The biotechnological application and significance of these results are discussed in the wider context of fungal biosorption of radionuclides.     

Microbial conversion of androst‐1,4‐dien‐3,17‐dione by Mucor racemosus to hydroxysteroid‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one derivatives

BACKGROUND: A large number of bacterial, fungal and microalgal species are able to bio‐transform steroid compounds. Among them, fungi from the Mucor genus have been shown to mediate hydroxylation, oxidation, and desaturation by the double bond formation and epoxidation of various steroid substances. Mucor racemocus has not been studied for its ability to modify androst‐1,4‐dien‐3,17‐dione, a pharmaceutically important steroid precursor. RESULTS: The filamentous fungus M. racemosus was applied for bioconversion of androst‐1,4‐dien‐3,17‐dione (ADD, I ) in a 5‐day fermentation. Microbial metabolites were purified chromatographically and identified on the basis of their spectral data as 17β‐hydroxyandrost‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one ( II ), 14α‐hydroxyandrost‐1,4‐dien‐3,17‐dione ( III ), 15α‐hydroxyandrost‐1,4‐dien‐3,17‐dione ( IV ), 15α,17β‐dihydroxyandrost‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one ( V ), 14α,17β‐dihydroxyandrost‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one ( VI ), and 6β,17β‐dihydroxyandrost‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one ( VII ). CONCLUSION: Observed modifications included hydroxylation at C‐6β, C‐14α, C‐15α positions and 17‐carbonyl reduction. The best fermentation conditions for production of hydroxysteroid‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one derivatives were found to be 25 °C at 150 rpm for 5 days with a substrate concentration of 0.5 g L^?1. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination of silver in foods by neutron activation analysis

Silver has been determined in a number of foodstuffs by neutron activation analysis. The results range from <1 to 530 ng g^?1 dry matter and are highly variable, suggesting that random contanination of samples may occur. Higher concentrations of up to 31 ug g^?1 dry matter were found in wild fungi. From these results, supplemented by others, the British dietary intake is estimated to be 4.5 ug Ag day^?1, which constitutes no hazard to human health.     

黄花蒿挥发油的体外抑菌活性研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取黄花蒿挥发油,通过体外抑菌实验,利用纸片法和试管法分别测定其抑菌活性和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。比较黄花蒿挥发油对12 种常见细菌和真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：黄花蒿挥发油对12 种实验菌表现出不同的抑制活性。真菌对黄花蒿挥发油具有更强的敏感性。黄花蒿挥发油对真菌的抑制作用比较稳定,由强到弱依次为黑曲霉、啤酒酵母菌、产黄青霉、马青霉、毛霉、青霉和根霉。     

丹参内生真菌产生淀粉酶菌株的筛选鉴定及酶学性质分析

目的:从丹参内生真菌中筛选耐热性强的酸性生淀粉酶菌株,并对其酶学性质进行初步研究。方法:以50株丹参内生真菌作为筛选对象,通过淀粉固体培养基初筛、液体发酵复筛,筛选产生淀粉酶活力较高的菌株;通过形态学观察和ITS序列分析对产酶菌株进行鉴定。结果:从50株丹参内生真菌中,筛选出5株产生淀粉酶活力较高的菌株,其中菌株ZDH2-2-1-1为产淀粉酶活性最强的菌株,酶活力达到117.63 U/m L,经鉴定为互隔链格孢（Alternaria alternata）。该淀粉酶最适p H为4.0,最适反应温度为55℃,具有较好的热稳定性和p H稳定性,对生淀粉具有广谱的降解能力。通过薄层层析发现,ZDH2-2-1-1所产淀粉酶的酶解产物为葡萄糖。结论:丹参内生真菌能产生高活性的耐热性酸性生淀粉酶,在生淀粉深加工中具有极大的开发潜力。      

Properties,Physiological Functions and Involvement of Basidiomycetous Alcohol Oxidase in Wood Degradation

Extensive research efforts have been devoted to describing yeast alcohol oxidase (AO) and its promoter region, which is vastly applied in studies of heterologous gene expression. However, little is known about basidiomycetous AO and its physiological role in wood degradation. This review describes several alcohol oxidases from both white and brown rot fungi, highlighting their physicochemical and kinetic properties. Moreover, the review presents a detailed analysis of available AO-encoding gene promoter regions in basidiomycetous fungi with a discussion of the manipulations of culture conditions in relation to the modification of alcohol oxidase gene expression and changes in enzyme production. The analysis of reactions catalyzed by lignin-modifying enzymes (LME) and certain lignin auxiliary enzymes (LDA) elucidated the possible involvement of alcohol oxidase in the degradation of derivatives of this polymer. Combined data on lignin degradation pathways suggest that basidiomycetous AO is important in secondary reactions during lignin decomposition by wood degrading fungi. With numerous alcoholic substrates, the enzyme is probably engaged in a variety of catalytic reactions leading to the detoxification of compounds produced in lignin degradation processes and their utilization as a carbon source by fungal mycelium.     

FgCsn12 Is Involved in the Regulation of Ascosporogenesis in the Wheat Scab Fungus Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease worldwide. Ascospores are the primary inoculum of F. graminearum, and sexual reproduction is a critical step in its infection cycle. In this study, we characterized the functions of FgCsn12. Although the ortholog of FgCsn12 in budding yeast was reported to have a direct interaction with Csn5, which served as the core subunit of the COP9 signalosome, the interaction between FgCsn12 and FgCsn5 was not detected through the yeast two-hybrid assay. The deletion of FgCSN12 resulted in slight defects in the growth rate, conidial morphology, and pathogenicity. Instead of forming four-celled, uninucleate ascospores, the Fgcsn12 deletion mutant produced oval ascospores with only one or two cells and was significantly defective in ascospore discharge. The 3′UTR of FgCsn12 was dispensable for vegetative growth but essential for sexual reproductive functions. Compared with those of the wild type, 1204 genes and 2240 genes were up- and downregulated over twofold, respectively, in the Fgcsn12 mutant. Taken together, FgCsn12 demonstrated an important function in the regulation of ascosporogenesis in F. graminearum.     

植物精油化学成分的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌生长过程中产生的有毒代谢产物,是危害农产品质量安全的重要因子。植物精油是真菌生长和真菌毒素累积的天然抑制剂,但易挥发、稳定性和水溶性差等弊端限制了其应用,近年来植物精油纳米制剂的开发和利用可解决植物精油上述弊端,提升其生物利用度。本文总结了植物精油可通过抑制真菌毒素产生和降解真菌毒素的方式降低农产品中真菌毒素的污染水平,探讨了植物精油抑制真菌生长产毒的机制,综述了植物精油及其纳米制剂防控农产品中真菌毒素污染的研究现状,并对存在问题进行了讨论,以期为进一步开发和利用植物精油防控真菌毒素提供有益参考。