生防芽孢杆菌的分离筛选与初步鉴定

从不同环境中采集7份土壤样品用于芽孢杆菌的分离纯化,通过多次平板划线分离纯化得到30个菌落形态不同的菌株。以黄瓜枯萎病菌为指示菌对得到的菌株进行抑菌活性筛选,其中的4个菌株具有明显的抑菌作用。采用对峙生长法,测定4株芽孢杆菌对其它植物病原真菌的活性,结果显示4个芽孢杆菌均具有广谱抑菌性。进一步试验表明,4株芽孢杆菌的发酵液也具有明显的抑菌作用,说明对病原真菌有抑制作用的物质水溶性较大,大部分释放到发酵液中,并且发酵液可使黄瓜枯萎等植物病原真菌菌丝膨大、褐变、末端钝圆,促进镰刀菌产生小孢子。通过菌落形态特征、系列生化测定对其进行初步鉴定,结果表明其中一株为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

Advances in Synthetic Biology of Fungi and Contributions to the Discovery of New Molecules

The sequencing of fungal genomes is becoming increasingly accessible, with a wealth of data already available. In parallel, the prediction of the putative biosynthetic pathways responsible for the synthesis of potential new natural products is also increasing. The difficulty of translating computational analyses into available compounds is becoming evident, slowing down a process that was thought to be faster with the advent of the genomic era. Advances in gene techniques made it possible to genetically modify a wider range of organisms, including fungi typically considered recalcitrant to DNA manipulation. However, the possibility of screening many gene cluster products for new activities in a high-throughput manner remains unfeasible. Nonetheless, some updates on the synthetic biology of fungi could provide interesting insights that could help to achieve this goal in the future.     

利用植物病原真菌除草的研究进展

随着病虫草害的发生,化学药剂大量使用,带来了一系列的环境和生态问题,如抗药杂草种群的增加、土壤板结和水体污染等,严重影响了农业生态的可持续发展.植物病原真菌是引起植物发生病害的一类微生物,但对杂草而言,却是一类可开发利用的潜在资源.植物病原真菌侵染杂草的同时,分泌毒素抑制杂草生长或直接导致杂草死亡.对利用植物病原真菌防除杂草的研究进行了综述,以期为其进一步研究作理论基础.     

Iron Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Effects on Plant Performance and Root Associated Microbes

In this study, we investigated the effect of positively and negatively charged Fe₃O₄ and TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) on the growth of soybean plants (Glycine max.) and their root associated soil microbes. Soybean plants were grown in a greenhouse for six weeks after application of different amounts of NPs, and plant growth and nutrient content were examined. Roots were analyzed for colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and nodule-forming nitrogen fixing bacteria using DNA-based techniques. We found that plant growth was significantly lower with the application of TiO₂ as compared to Fe₃O₄ NPs. The leaf carbon was also marginally significant lower in plants treated with TiO₂ NPs; however, leaf phosphorus was reduced in plants treated with Fe₃O₄. We found no effects of NP type, concentration, or charge on the community structure of either rhizobia or AM fungi colonizing plant roots. However, the charge of the Fe₃O₄ NPs affected both colonization of the root system by rhizobia as well as leaf phosphorus content. Our results indicate that the type of NP can affect plant growth and nutrient content in an agriculturally important crop species, and that the charge of these particles influences the colonization of the root system by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.     

The Role of Pathogen-Secreted Proteins in Fungal Vascular Wilt Diseases

A limited number of fungi can cause wilting disease in plants through colonization of the vascular system, the most well-known being Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum. Like all pathogenic microorganisms, vascular wilt fungi secrete proteins during host colonization. Whole-genome sequencing and proteomics screens have identified many of these proteins, including small, usually cysteine-rich proteins, necrosis-inducing proteins and enzymes. Gene deletion experiments have provided evidence that some of these proteins are required for pathogenicity, while the role of other secreted proteins remains enigmatic. On the other hand, the plant immune system can recognize some secreted proteins or their actions, resulting in disease resistance. We give an overview of proteins currently known to be secreted by vascular wilt fungi and discuss their role in pathogenicity and plant immunity.     

浓香型大曲发酵过程中霉菌消长情况的研究

通过最佳培养基筛选培养纯化和Biolog鉴定出12株优势霉菌菌株,在培养各阶段中霉菌理化指标的变化呈一定规律性,在翻曲前一直处于增长的趋势,翻曲后开始下降.温度、湿度和水分含量是影响霉菌生长繁殖和酶活性的重要因素,但温度、湿度与霉菌菌落消长之间不显著.霉菌中的曲霉和根霉可以产生淀粉酶,其菌落的消长对淀粉含量有非常显著的相关性;经分析霉菌菌落的消长对糖化力有显著影响,糖化力和液化力的酶活性有显著的正相关性.     

Characterization of Three Fungal Isomaltases Belonging to Glycoside Hydrolase Family 13 That Do not Show Transglycosylation Activity

α-1,6-Glucosidase (isomaltase) belongs to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 13 and 31. Genes encoding 3 isomaltases belonging to GH family 13 were cloned from filamentous fungi, Aspergillus oryzae (agl1), A. niger (agdC),and Fusarium oxysporum (foagl1), and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzymes hydrolyzed isomaltose and α-glucosides preferentially at a neutral pH, but did not recognize maltose, trehalose, and dextran. The activity of AgdC and Agl1 was inhibited in the presence of 1 % glucose, while Foagl1 was more tolerant to glucose than the other two enzymes were. The three fungal isomaltases did not show transglycosylation when isomaltose was used as the substrate and a similar result was observed for AgdC and Agl1 when p-nitrophenyl-α-glucoside was used as the substrate.     

Transformation ability of fungi isolated from cork and grape to produce 2,4,6-trichloroanisole from 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

The ability of eight fungal strains to transform 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) was studied. These fungi were isolated from cork, belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Chrysonilia, and from grapes Botrytis cinerea. All, except Chrysonilia, produced TCA when grown directly on cork in the presence of TCP, Aspergillus and Botrytis cinerea being the ones with the highest level of production. It is the first time that Botrytis cinerea, a microorganism often present on grapes and in winery environments, has been shown to transform TCP into TCA. This result can partially explain the wine cork taint before being bottled.     

海洋真菌产酶能力的研究

从大连丽娇湾和金石滩采集获得海水、海藻等样品,采用PDA培养基分离海洋真菌,并对产酶真菌进行筛选及鉴定,及其产酶能力进行初步研究。结果显示,共筛选得到真菌32株,产酶菌株18株,其中有1株同时产4种酶,3株同时产3种酶,8株同时产2种酶。初步鉴定18株产酶菌分布于4个属,其中优势属为曲霉属（Aspergillus sp.）和青霉属（Penicillium sp.）,各6株,均占总筛选产酶菌株数的33.33%,其次为酵母属（Saccharomyces sp.）,共4株,占总筛选产酶菌株数的22.22%。11株产植酸酶、10株产纤维素酶、6株产淀粉酶、5株产蛋白酶、3株产脂肪酶。     

利用监测CO_2方法预警储藏玉米中黄曲霉菌产毒

本文研究了玉米储藏期间真菌产生二氧化碳(CO2)气体的特点,试验结果表明,当灰绿曲霉等干生性真菌生长时,储藏容器中CO2浓度恒速升高;具有快速生长或产毒特点的真菌生长时则出现CO2产气率加速的过程,如玉米中以黄曲霉菌为优势菌时,储藏10 d后产生CO2气体的速率提高4.6倍。进一步研究玉米储藏期间不同原始优势菌、不同真菌生长速率及温度对产生CO2的影响,结果表明,在不同原始优势菌的玉米中均可出现黄曲霉菌的生长和产毒,黄曲霉菌为原始优势菌的AFB1产生量比其他试验组高3~7倍,它们均表现产气速率加速的特征;真菌生长速率及温度可影响储藏玉米中CO2和AFB1的产生量,但在产生AFB1的玉米中,均有CO2产气速率加速的现象。将储藏玉米中CO2产气速率变化与检出AFB1的时间相比,发现前者可提前7 d以上。因此,利用玉米储藏中真菌产生CO2的特征可预警黄曲霉毒素的污染。