民用燃煤大气污染物控排技术对策

民用燃煤在我国煤炭消费中所占比例较大,民用燃煤粗放、低效的利用方式导致大量气态污染物的排放,造成环境污染。通过文献调研和查阅相关数据介绍了我国目前民用燃煤使用状况及大气污染物排放现状,通过数据调研可知传统的民用燃煤利用方式的主要气态污染物(颗粒物、SO_2、NO_x、VOCs)的排放因子均高于工业污染源的排放因子,因此减少民用燃煤主要大气污染物排放的有效途径是使用洁净煤替代原煤散烧及使用高效节能炉具。     

节能减排在注塑机上的应用

注塑成型机是一种重要的塑料加工设备,由于该类设备长期处于运转状态,能源消耗极大,降低注塑成型机的能耗已经成为今后技术发展方向.注塑机电能消耗的两个主要部分驱动回路和加热回路采用伺服电机驱动系统和双效加热技术,在塑料加工市场上得到越来越多的应用.     

Reducing Dryer Energy Use by Process Integration and Pinch Analysis

ABSTRACT

A systematic classification is presented for methods for reducing energy use and cost in dryers. Opportunities include reducing the inherent evaporation load and dryer heat duty, heat recovery, and more effective use of utility systems, including CHP (combined heat and power) and heat pumping. The technique of pinch analysis provides a powerful method to identify the various opportunities and select the most appropriate one to use. Reductions in energy use bring corresponding benefits in reduced emissions and conservation of natural resources. Some examples are given of successful applications of energy minimization techniques in industry.     

Investigation of emissions from heated essential‐oil‐rich fuels at 200 °C

Essential oil of fuels is closely linked with the behavior of forest fires, especially high intensity fires and eruptive fires. It is assumed that the potential reason is the large quantities of flammable gases released from essential oil‐rich fuels before pyrolysis in fire environment. However, few studies have been carried out on the hypothesis. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the emissions from essential oil‐rich fuels. The fuels were collected from three coniferous species. In the experiment, needles and twigs were heated in a vacuum oven at 200 °C, and the emissions within 15 min had been sampled using Tenax tubes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry served as an analytical instrument. The results showed that the emissions contained high proportion of monoterpenes, such as α‐pinene, camphene, β‐pinene, 3‐carene, and d ‐limonene. The monoterpene emissions from heated needles and twigs of Pinus pumila, Larix gmelinii, and Pinus sylvestris were 61.221, 49.606, and 37.853 µg g^?1 dry weight (needles), and 211.727, 139.957, and 121.505 µg g^?1 dry weight (twigs), respectively. Statistical analyses showed the significant differences not only among species but also between needles and twigs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

综述高级氧化技术在废水处理中的应用

高级氧化技术以产生具有强氧化能力的羟基自由基（·oH）为特点,该技术用于有效去除和降解有毒污染物,或者作为预处理将污染物转化为可生物降解化合物,然后通过传统的生物处理方法处理。该文总结了·OH的形成以及污染物的降解机制,同时阐述了高级氧化法的研究方向。     

Analysis of diffusion behavior of harmful emissions from trackless rubber-wheel diesel vehicles in underground coal minesOA

To define the diffusion behavior of harmful exhaust substances from diesel vehicles and support safety risk assessments of underground coal mines, we performed a multi-species coupling calculation of the emission and diffusion of harmful substances from a trackless rubber-wheel diesel vehicle. A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model of the diffusion of harmful emissions was hence established and verified. From the perspective of risk analysis, the diffusion behavior and distribution of hazardo...     

回转窑煤粉高效低NOx燃烧的最佳二次风温研究

针对一四通道煤粉燃烧器及φ4.8 m×70 m水泥回转窑,应用FLUENT软件,研究了二次风温对回转窑窑头煤粉燃烧效率、火焰形状以及NOx生成的影响.模拟结果表明,窑内NOx浓度随二次风温增加而显著增加,当风温由1155 K增加至1455 K时,NOx浓度增加了1.73倍.燃用某烟煤,当内外风量比为0.8,空气系数为1.1,煤粉粒径为88 μm时,通过仿真计算得到了火焰形状很好满足煅烧工艺要求的煤粉高效低NOx燃烧的最佳二次风温(T=1255 K).在此温下,煤粉火焰黑火头长1 m,火焰温度为2200 K,窑内烧成长度为12 m,火焰形状好,能很好满足煅烧需要;煤粉燃烧效率高;NOx排放量为390.91 mg/Nm3,符合国家排放标准.实测窑尾烟气温度及各组分浓度与仿真计算结果误差均小于5％.模拟计算结果可靠,为分解窑混煤高效低NOx煅烧水泥窑头操作参数优化提供了依据.     

两条煤制油与石油路线的技术环境和经济分析

中国液体燃料的生产严重依赖石油,为了缓解石油高度对外依存带来的风险,中国正在积极探索石油的替代路线。在中国“富煤贫油”的情况下,煤制油有望成为缓解石油供应安全风险的重要替代途径。利用生命周期评价的方法(from cradle to gate)从能耗、碳排放和经济性三个角度对煤直接液化(direct coal liquefaction,DCL)和煤间接液化(indirect coal liquefaction,ICL)进行分析,并与传统炼油(oil refining,OR)路线进行对比。结果表明:DCL和ICL路线的生命周期能耗分别是OR路线生命周期能耗的2.4倍和2.8倍,碳排放分别是OR路线碳排放的8倍和10倍。当油价低于45美元/桶时,无论是DCL还是ICL均难以与OR路线竞争;当油价在35美元/桶~65美元/桶,煤价在低于400元/t时,ICL有较好的竞争力;而当油价高于75美元/桶时,即使煤价高达700元/t,DCL仍具较好的竞争力。     

The combustion behavior of epoxy-based multifunctional electrolytes

Multifunctional or structural electrolytes are characterized by ionic conductivity high enough to be used in the electrochemical devices and mechanical performance suitable for the structural applications. Preliminary insights are provided into the combustion behavior of structural bi-continuous electrolytes based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA), synthesized using the techniques of reaction induced phase separation and emulsion templating. The effect of the composition of the structural electrolytes and external heat flux on the behavior of the formulations were studied using a cone calorimeter with gases formed during testing analyzed using FTIR. The composition of the formulations investigated was changed by varying the type and amount of the ion conductive part of the bi-continuous electrolyte. Two ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM-BF₄), as well as a deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on ethylene glycol and choline chloride, were used. The results obtained confirm that time to ignition, heat release rate (HRR), total mass loss, as well as the composition of the gases released during tests depend on the composition of the formulations. Addition of liquid electrolyte is found to reduce the time to ignition by up to 10% and the burning time by between 28% and 60% with the added benefit of reducing the HRR by at least 34%. Gaseous products such as CO₂, CO, H₂O, CH₄, C₂H₂, N₂O, NO, and HCN were detected for all formulations with the gases SO₂, NH₃, HCl, C₂H₄, and NH₃ found to be for certain formulations only.     

球磨改性生物炭在环境修复中的应用进展

利用球磨机械力化学技术制备的改性生物炭具有成本低、产能高、绿色无溶剂等优点,近年来受到研究人员的广泛关注.球磨改性增加生物炭表面官能团、扩大其比表面积以及提高吸附容量,使球磨改性生物炭对环境污染物具有优异的去除性能,在环境修复领域应用前景广阔.介绍了球磨改性生物炭的制备与理化性质,总结了球磨改性生物炭在环境修复中对污染物质去除的最新进展,同时明确其对各类污染物的去除机制.在此基础上,探讨球磨改性生物炭在环境修复中目前存在的问题与限制因素,从明确技术和经济可行性、扩展材料应用范围以及厘清潜在生态环境风险等方面提出未来研究方向.