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31.
Long-term formation of microbial products in a sequencing batch reactor   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Activated sludge in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is subjected to alternating feast-and-famine conditions, which may result in the enhanced production of microbial products: extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), soluble microbial products (SMP), and internal storage products (XSTO). In this work, the long-term formation of these three microbial products by activated sludge in an SBR is investigated using an expanded unified model with a parallel experimental study. We also use the model to compare the impacts in an SBR to those in a continuous-flow activated sludge system. The model captures all experimental trends for all components with solids retention time (SRT) for global steady state and within a cycle. At an SRT of 20 days, the active microorganisms constitute about 28% of the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS); the remaining biomass is comprised of residual inert biomass (XI) of 40%, EPS of 31%, and XSTO of ∼1%. The active biomass becomes a smaller fraction with the increasing SRT, while the inert biomass becomes increasingly dominant. For soluble components, effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) is dominated by SMP, which varies to some degree in a cycle, peaking as external substrate becomes depleted. Within the SBR cycle, external substrate (S) declines strongly in the first part of the cycle, and SMP shows a small peak at the time of S depletion. XSTO is the only biomass component that varies significantly during the cycle. It peaks at the time that the input substrate (S) is depleted. Simulation for a continuous-flow activated sludge system and comparison with an SBR reveals that the constant “famine” conditions of the continuous system lead to lower EPS and XSTO, but higher MLVSS and XI.  相似文献   
32.
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decade. The efforts for modelling of such wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost effective design and operation). The development of Activated Sludge Models (ASM) was an important evolution in the modelling of Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) processes and their use is now very well established. However, although they were initially developed to describe CAS processes, they have simply been transferred and applied to MBR processes. Recent studies on MBR biological processes have reported several crucial specificities: medium to very high sludge retention times, high mixed liquor concentration, accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) rejected by the membrane filtration step, and high aeration rates for scouring purposes. These aspects raise the question as to what extent the ASM framework is applicable to MBR processes. Several studies highlighting some of the aforementioned issues are scattered through the literature. Hence, through a concise and structured overview of the past developments and current state-of-the-art in biological modelling of MBR, this review explores ASM-based modelling applied to MBR processes. The work aims to synthesize previous studies and differentiates between unmodified and modified applications of ASM to MBR. Particular emphasis is placed on influent fractionation, biokinetics, and soluble microbial products (SMPs)/exo-polymeric substances (EPS) modelling, and suggestions are put forward as to good modelling practice with regard to MBR modelling both for end-users and academia. A last section highlights shortcomings and future needs for improved biological modelling of MBR processes.  相似文献   
33.
The introduction of acid-tolerant heterotrophic microorganisms into sludge bioleaching systems has been proven effective in improving sludge bioleaching processes, and such positive effect is mainly attributed to the biodegradation of low molecular weight organic acids or sludge dissolved organic matter (DOM) toxic to Acidithiobacillus species by the heterotrophic microorganisms introduced. Here we report that elevated dissolved CO2 concentration and resulting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in bioleach solution due to the incorporation of heterotrophic microorganisms also play important roles in improving sludge bioleaching. It was found that in tannery sludge bioleaching system coinoculated with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa R30 and Acidithiobacillus species, dissolved CO2 concentration in bioleach solution can be elevated from 0.23-0.54 mg/L to 0.76-1.01 mg/L compared to the control inoculated only with Acidithiobacillus species. Correspondingly, the distinct degradation of sludge DOM was also observed in this experiment. It was experimentally demonstrated that the accumulation of CO2 did greatly enhance the growth of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and the decrease rate of pH in the medium. In addition, EPS derived from R. mucilaginosa R30 could bind readily Fe3+ in bioleach solution with maximum binding capacity (MBC) of 0.82 mg Fe3+ by per mg DOC of EPS secreted and the oxidization activity of EPS-bound Fe3+ was decreased but not totally inhibited, indicating that the formation of soluble EPS-Fe(III) complexes enhances, to a certain extent, bioleaching efficiency due to maintaining Fe3+ level in solution by inhibiting Fe precipitation occurrence.  相似文献   
34.
A pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) for real municipal wastewater treatment was operated for over one year in order to investigate extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) properties and their role in membrane fouling. The components and properties of bound EPS were examined by the evaluation of mean oxidation state (MOS) of organic carbons, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, and gel filtration chromatography (GFC), etc. Test results showed that MOS of organic carbons in the bound EPS was ranging from −0.14 to −0.51, and major components could be assessed as proteins and carbohydrates. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of proteins and carbohydrates in the bound EPS. The organic substances with fluorescence characteristics in the bound EPS were identified as proteins, visible humic acid-like substances and fulvic acid-like substances by EEM technology. GFC analysis demonstrated that EPS had part of higher MW molecules and a broader MW distribution than the influent wastewater. It was also found that a high shear stress imposed on mixed liquor could result in the release of EPS, which would in turn influence membrane fouling in MBRs. Bound EPS solution was observed to have a stronger potential of fouling than mixed liquor. During long-term operation of the MBR, bound EPS demonstrated positive correlations with membrane fouling while temperature was verified as a negative factor affecting EPS concentration. Compared to tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) showed more significant correlations with membrane fouling. This critical investigation would contribute towards a better understanding of the behavior, composition and fouling potential of EPS in MBR operation.  相似文献   
35.
一座跨径为20m的钢筋砼T形简支梁桥,由于施工组织不力致使4片“T”形梁肋混凝土表面缺损严重,出现大面积蜂窝、麻面和露筋,留下工程质量隐患。经检测分析比选采用渗透性聚合灰浆修补法加固,处理后经检测表明修复效果良好。  相似文献   
36.
Park C  Novak JT 《Water research》2007,41(8):1679-1688
Evaluation of prior research and preliminary investigations in our laboratory led to the development of an extraction strategy that can be used to target different cations in activated sludge floc and extract their associated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The methods we used were the cation exchange resin (CER) procedure, base extraction, and sulfide addition to extract EPS linked with divalent cations, Al, and Fe, respectively. A comparison of sludge cations before and after CER extraction revealed that most of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) were removed while Fe and Al remained intact, suggesting that this method is highly selective for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)-bound EPS. The correlation between sludge Fe and sulfide-extracted EPS was indicative of selectivity of this method for Fe-bound EPS. The base extraction was less specific than the other methods but it was the method releasing the largest amount of Al into the extract, indicating that the method extracted Al-bound EPS. Concomitantly, the composition of extracted EPS and the amino acid composition differed for the three methods, indicating that EPS associated with different metals were not the same. The change in EPS following anaerobic and aerobic digestion was also characterized by the three extraction methods. CER-extracted EPS were reduced after aerobic digestion while they changed little by anaerobic digestion. On the other hand, anaerobic digestion was associated with the decrease in sulfide-extracted EPS. These results suggest that different types of cation-EPS binding mechanisms exist in activated sludge and that each cation-associated EPS fraction imparts unique digestion characteristics to activated sludge.  相似文献   
37.
在β型半水石膏粉中添加矿物质混合材料和聚合物混合剂及维尼龙纤维增韧、增强,开发研制高强度、高韧性的复合石膏硬化体。重点探讨了种类、掺量及长度对石膏复合体的拌合物流动值及复合体的抗弯强度、弯曲韧性、耐水性的影响,结果表明石膏复合体的抗弯强度、弯曲韧性、耐水性均有较大提高,流动性随纤维掺量增加而降低,综合考虑以掺量2%~3%的HVF12纤维为佳。  相似文献   
38.
对高分子建筑防水材料工业生产中的卫生危害及卫生防护进行了概貌性地评述。  相似文献   
39.
好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物提取方法研究   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
采用4种方法(热、超声、高压、碱处理)分别研究在不同的作用时间和方式下对好氧颗粒污泥EPS的提取效果。综合考虑各提取方法的提取效果及对于污泥细胞的破坏程度后,确定热处理(80℃,30min)和超声波提取(320W,40s)法均是可行的,其中热处理提取产物中多糖、蛋白质分别为30.3、8.1mg/gVSS,而超声波则分别为24.3、10.8mg/gVSS。好氧颗粒污泥EPS中多糖含量高于蛋白质,在热处理及超声波提取的产物中,多糖与蛋白质之比分别为3.7与2.3。  相似文献   
40.
Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus (P) from wastewater is successfully and widely practiced in systems employing both granular sludge technology and enhanced biological P removal (EBPR) processes; however, the key parameter, anaerobic reaction time (AnRT), has not been thoroughly investigated. Successful EBPR is highly dependent on an appropriate AnRT, which induces carbon and polyphosphate metabolism by phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Therefore, the long-term impact of AnRT on denitrifying P removal performance and granular characteristics was investigated in three identical granular sludge sequencing batch reactors with AnRTs of 90 (R1), 120 (R2) and 150 min (R3). The microbial community structures and anaerobic stoichiometric parameters related to various AnRTs were monitored over time. Free nitrite acid (FNA) accumulation (e.g., 0.0008–0.0016 mg HNO2–N/L) occurred frequently owing to incomplete denitrification in the adaptation period, especially in R3, which influenced the anaerobic/anoxic intracellular intermediate metabolites and activities of intracellular enzymes negatively, resulting in lower levels of poly-P and reduced activity of polyphosphate kinase. As a result, the Accumulibacter-PAOs population decreased from 51 ± 2.5% to 43 ± 2.1% when AnRT was extended from 90 to 150 min, leading to decreased denitrifying P removal performance. Additionally, frequent exposure of microorganisms to the FNA accumulation and anaerobic endogenous conditions in excess AnRT cases (e.g., 150 min) stimulated increased extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production by microorganisms, resulting in enhanced granular formation and larger granules (size of 0.6–1.2 mm), but decreasing anaerobic PHA synthesis and glycogen hydrolysis. Phosphorus removal capacity was mediated to some extent by EPS adsorption in granular sludge systems that possessed more EPS, longer AnRT and relatively higher GAOs.  相似文献   
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